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An overview of the modeling steps taken. The process starts by estimating the parameters for the graded response model to come up with a latent variable, pain (Step 1). Then, the latent variable is regressed on the basis of suctioning status, drug concentration, and other covariates (Step 2), whereas also showing the results of Step 1 as a comparison. Finally, the findings from Step 2 are transformed back to observational clinical scales (Step 3).
