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. 2017 Jan 21;6(4):239–248. doi: 10.1002/psp4.12156

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© 2017 The Authors CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Item‐grade probability curves. X‐axis is the latent variable and Y‐axis represents the probability of each grade occurring. Each color represents a specific grade, between 0 and 7. Solid lines are predictions from the graded response model and dashed lines with shaded areas are a smoothed mean and 95% confidence interval for the raw data. For COMFORT (abbreviated as CMT), colors representing grades from 1–5 are present, for Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) color representing grades from 0–7 are present, and for preterm infant pain profile (PIPP) colors representing grades from 0–3 are present, according to the discrimination and difficulty values of the grades of these items.