Table 2.

Applications of ctDNA quantification and monitoring for melanoma patients. PBL: peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Gene	Sample	Application	References
BRAF	Serum	(i) Tumor response monitoring (ii) Prognostic value	[17]
BRAF	Serum/plasma	Advanced stage IV monitoring	[9]
BRAF	Serum	Identification of genetic determinants for targeted therapy	[3]
BRAF	Plasma	Identification of genetic determinants for targeted therapy	[21]
BRAF	Serum/plasma	Identification of genetic determinants for targeted therapy	[19]
BRAF	Plasma	Identification of genetic determinants for targeted therapy	[36]
BRAF	PBL	(i) Identification of genetic determinants for targeted therapy (ii) Evaluation of early treatment response (iii) Monitoring of minimal residual disease	[22]
GNAQ   GNA11	Plasma	Prognostic value	[26]
BRAF	Plasma	(i) Identification of genetic determinants for targeted therapy (ii) Monitoring of tumor dynamics (iii) Prognostic value	[28]
BRAF   NRAS   TERT   Promoter	Plasma	Evaluation of early treatment response to immunotherapy	[33]
BRAF	Plasma/serum	(i) Prognostic value (ii) Monitoring of tumor dynamics (iii) Evaluation of early treatment response (iv) Monitoring of minimal residual disease	[18]
BRAF	Plasma	Prognostic value	[32]
BRAF   NRAS	Plasma	(i) Monitoring of tumor dynamics (ii) Monitoring of minimal residual disease (iii) Real-time assessment of resistance	[30]
BRAF	Plasma	Prognostic value	[34]
BRAF	Plasma	(i) Prognostic value (ii) Monitoring of tumor dynamics (iii) Evaluation of early treatment response (iv) Real-time assessment of resistance	[34]
BRAF   NRAS	Plasma	(i) Prognostic value (ii) Evaluation of early treatment response (iii) Real-time assessment of resistance	[30]
BRAF	Plasma	(i) Identification of genetic determinants for targeted therapy (ii) Prognostic value	[20]
Exome	Plasma	(i) Evaluation of early treatment response (ii) Real-time assessment of resistance	[35]