Table 2.
Summary estimates and 95%CIs for total effects of the probiotics.
| Outcomes | Number of studies | Case | OR (95%CIs) | Z-test (p value) | χ 2 | HG∗p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | Placebo | ||||||
| Total infections | 5 | 397 | 417 | 0.59 [0.43, 0.83] | 0.002 | 7.11 | 0.13 |
| Surgical site infection (SSI) | 805 | 850 | 0.67 [0.49, 0.93] | 0.02 | 8.53 | 0.67 | |
| Incision infection | 7 | 472 | 491 | 0.61 [0.41, 0.91] | 0.02 | 4.59 | 0.60 |
| Organ/space SSI | 4 | 333 | 359 | 0.82 [0.47, 1.42] | 0.48 | 3.15 | 0.53 |
| Nonsurgical site infection (NSSI) | 592 | 587 | 0.36 [0.23, 0.57] | 0.00001 | 6.26 | 0.79 | |
| Urinary tract infection | 3 | 174 | 173 | 0.39 [0.16, 0.96] | 0.04 | 2.06 | 0.36 |
| Pneumonia | 4 | 209 | 207 | 0.25 [0.11, 0.60] | 0.002 | 0.47 | 0.92 |
| Bacteremia | 4 | 209 | 207 | 0.44 [0.23, 0.85] | 0.01 | 2.59 | 0.46 |
| Bacterial translocation | 2 | 95 | 97 | 0.13 [0.01, 1.48] | 0.10 | 6.28 | 0.01† |
| Anastomotic leakage | 4 | 382 | 399 | 0.80 [0.28, 2.48] | 0.70 | 7.08 | 0.07‡ |
∗HG: heterogeneity, χ2 test with a p value < 0.10 indicated significant heterogeneity across studies; †,‡there was obvious statistical heterogeneity, but no observed clinical heterogeneity, and a random effects model was adopted.