Table 3.

Policy effects derived from the seven methods based on education-stratified analysis and the inclusion of interaction terms

Method	Specification	Low-educated [95% CI]	High-educated [95% CI]	Interaction term [95% CI]
Regression adjustment	Logistic regression, adjusted for gender	0.647 [0.570, 0.734] (odds ratio)	0.679 [0.550, 0.839] (odds ratio)	0.953 [0.745, 1.218] (odds ratio)
Propensity score matching	Matched on gender	−0.048 [-0.065, -0.031] (probability difference)	−0.020 [-0.031, -0.009] (probability difference)	Not applicable
Difference-in-differences	Logistic regression	0.666 [0.574, 0.773] (odds ratio)	0.687 [0.530, 0.890] (odds ratio)	0.970 [0.719, 1.307] (odds ratio)
Fixed effects	Linear regression, adjusted for time	−0.044 [-0.051, -0.037] (probability difference)	−0.016 [-0.023, -0.009] (probability difference)	−0.029 [-0.039, -0.019] (probability difference)
Instrumental variable	Probit regression	−0.050 [-0.063, -0.037] (probability difference)	−0.020 [-0.029, -0.011] (probability difference)	−0.036 [-0.057, -0.015] (probability difference)
Regression discontinuity	Logistic regression around the income threshold	0.678 [0.495, 0.929] (odds ratio)	0.687 [0.483, 0.977] (odds ratio)	0.987 [0.615, 1.583] (odds ratio)
Interrupted time-series	Linear regression	−0.023 [-0.027,-0.020] (probability difference)	−0.005 [-0.008, -0.002] (probability difference)	−0.019 [-0.023, -0.014] (probability difference)