Table 2. Patients’ characteristics and clinical outcomes according to acute kidney injury.
| Variables | AKI (n = 95) |
Non-AKI (n = 355) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 79.3 ± 6.7 | 78.8 ± 7.1 | 0.597 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 27 (28.4) | 73 (20.6) | 0.102 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 70 (74.5) | 231 (65.1) | 0.085 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 37 (39.4) | 106 (29.9) | 0.082 |
| CAD, n (%) | 17 (18.1) | 24 (6.8) | 0.001 |
| CVA, n (%) | 23 (24.5) | 56 (15.8) | 0.049 |
| ACEI or ARB, n (%) | 47 (50.5) | 106 (29.9) | 0.001 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 41 (44.1) | 118 (33.3) | 0.054 |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 46 (49.5) | 206 (58.2) | 0.131 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124.1 ± 18.1 | 122.2 ± 14.7 | 0.300 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.7 ± 10.9 | 74.1 ± 9.1 | 0.143 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.1 ± 1.6 | 11.4 ± 1.6 | 0.092 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 33.8 ± 8.3 | 34.2 ± 4.7 | 0.590 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 24.4 ± 12.7 | 19.6 ± 10.3 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | |||
| Initial | 1.3 ± 1.7 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.011 |
| Peak | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| eGFR | 63.9 ± 42.4 | 77.7 ± 35.6 | 0.004 |
| Protein (g/L) | 64 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 0.294 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 0.027 |
| Surgery type, n (%) | 0.829 | ||
| Fixation | 44 (46.3) | 160 (45.1) | |
| Replacement | 51 (53.7) | 195 (54.9) | |
| Intraoperative characteristics | |||
| Duration of anesthesia (min) | 188.9 ± 80.1 | 170.7 ± 42.3 | 0.039 |
| Mean systolic BP (mmHg) | 107.1 ± 22.7 | 105.6 ± 21.0 | 0.594 |
| Mean diastolic BP (mmHg) | 51.1 ± 9.1 | 50.0 ± 11.1 | 0.448 |
| Urinary output (mL/hour) | 130.8 ± 178.8 | 171.7 ± 227.1 | 0.110 |
| RBC transfusion volume(units) | 3.9 ± 3.6 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 0.017 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 34.7 ± 19.5 | 26.4 ± 35.1 | 0.027 |
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 10 (10.5) | 8 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| All-cause mortality, n (%) | 47 (49.5) | 131 (36.9) | 0.026 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
AKI, acute kidney injury; CAD, coronary artery disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin-II receptor antagonists; NSAIDS, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; RBC, red blood cell.