Table 2.

Emerging targeted therapies for glioma subtypes

Subtype	Markers	Median age (years)	Emerging targeted therapies
Mesenchymal Glioblastoma	NF1 deletion NF-kappaB activation	58	Trametinib
Classical glioblastoma	EGFR amplification	56	Erlotinib EGFR vaccines Anti-EGFR antibody–drug conjugates
Proneural/IDH mutant Glioblastoma	IDH mutation G-CIMP phenotype	52	IDH vaccine IDH inhibitors Glutaminase inhibitors Checkpoint inhibitors
Midline gliomas	H3F3A K27M mutation	5–11	H3F3A K27M vaccine
Proneural/RTK glioblastomas	PDGFRA amplification		Sunitinib
Epithelioid glioblastoma	BRAF V600E ODZ3 deletion	8	Dabrafenib Vemurafenib
Pilocytic astrocytoma	BRAF fusion	5-14	Sorafenib
Giant cell glioblastoma	TP53 mutation POLE mutation	44	Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Diffuse astrocytoma	IDH mutation ATRX mutation TP53 mutation	36	IDH vaccine IDH inhibitors
Diffuse oligodendroglioma	IDH mutation 1p19q deletion CIC or FUBP1 mutation	35–44	IDH vaccine IDH inhibitors
Preglioblastoma	IDH wild type TERT promoter mutation		Imetelstat
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma	BRAF V600E mutation	22	Dabrafenib Vemurafenib
Gangliogliomas	BRAF V600E mutation	9–25	Dabrafenib Vemurafenib

EGFR = endothelial growth factor receptor; IDH = isocitrate dehydrogenase