Table 2.
Summary of studies reporting the association between adherence to MedDiet during pregnancy and asthma/wheezing/allergic disease in offspring.
| Reference | Country | Sample of (mother/offspring) | Study design | MedDiet score | Asthma, dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis outcomes | Primary results: effect of MedDiet | Adjusted confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chatzi et al. (10) | Spain | 460 | C-S | KidMedb | Persistent wheeze and atopic (SPT) wheeze at 6.5 years | A high MedDiet Score during pregnancy was protective for persistent wheeze (adjOR = 0.22 [0.08–0.58]), atopic wheeze (adjOR = 0.30 [0.10–0.90]), and atopy (adjOR = 0.55 [0.31–0.97]) at age 6.5 years | Sex, maternal and paternal asthma, maternal social class and education, BMI, and total energy intake at age 6.5 years |
| De Batlle et al. (12) | Mexico | 1,476 | C-S | Mod.Trichc | Ever asthma, ever wheezing, current wheezing, rhinitis ever, current rhinitis, current sneezing, and current itchy-watery eyes at 6–7 years | No associations were found between mothers diet score during pregnancy and asthma or allergic rhinitis outcomes in children in the crude or adjusted analyses, except for current sneezing = 0.71 [0.53–0.97] | Sex, maternal education, exercise, current tobacco smoking at home, maternal asthma and maternal rhinitis |
| Castro-Rodriguez et al. (28) | Spain | 1,409 | Cohort | Mod.Psal 1a | Any wheeze at first year | MedDiet (p = 0.036) and olive oil (p = 0.002) during pregnancy were significantly associated with less wheezing. Only olive oil consumption remained associated (adjOR = 0.57 [0.4–0.8], p = 0.002) | Sex, exclusive breastfeeding, day care, eczema, maternal asthma, smoking during pregnancy, siblings, mold stains on household wall, and preterm birth |
| Lange et al. (31) | US | 1,376 | Cohort | Mod.Trichc | Recurrent wheeze, doctor diagnosis of asthma and atopy at 3 years | OR = 0.64 [0.43–0.95], adjOR = 0.98 [0.89–1.08] for recurrent wheeze. No association with doctor’s diagnosis of asthma, or atopy | Sex, maternal race, maternal education level, household income, maternal and paternal history of asthma, presence of children at home, maternal pre-pregnancy, BMI, breast feeding duration, passive smoke exposure |
| Chatzi et al. (32) | Spain and Greece | Spain: 1,771; Greece: 745 | Cohort | Mod.Trichc | Wheeze and eczema at 12 months | Not associated with risk of wheeze and eczema | Not adjusted |
| Pellegrini-Belinchón et al. (29) | Spain | 1,164 | Cohort | None | Recurrent wheeze at first year | adjOR = 0.436 [0.297–0.640] | Nursery, eczema, maternal asthma, smoking in third trimester |
| Castro-Rodriguez et al. (30) | Spain | 1,001 | Cohort | Mod.Psal 1a | Current wheeze, dermatitis and allergic rhinitis at 4 years | MedDiet score adherence by mother and by child at year 4 did not remain a protective factor for any outcome | Many environment factorsd |
adjOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; C-S, cross-sectional; MedDiet, Mediterranean diet; OR, odds ratio; SPT, skin prick test.
aModified from Psaltopoulou (22) (min–max score: 0–36).
bModified from KIDMED (23).
cAdapted from Trichopoulou (24).
dAge, birth weight and height, cesarean, antibiotic and acetaminophen consumption during the previous 12 months, oral contraception use, parental asthma, parental rhinitis, parental dermatitis, maternal age and education level, current paternal and maternal smoking, breastfeeding, siblings, pets at home during pregnancy, mold stain, day care, type of fuel, TV video and physical activity at 4 years, air pollution, and colds during first year of life.