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. 2016 Nov 12;21(2):333–340. doi: 10.1007/s11325-016-1417-x

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 2 — a ESS, mean score for all eight items. Data are shown as mean (SE), n = 39,448. ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale; SE standard error (error bars small). b ESS item scores according to gender. Data are shown as mean (SE). Male subjects (n = 21,800), dark grey bars; female subjects (n = 17,648), light grey bars. *p < 0.05. ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale; SE standard error (small error bars)