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. 2017 Feb 28;66(5):1172–1184. doi: 10.2337/db16-1410

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© 2017 by the American Diabetes Association.

Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. More information is available at http://www.diabetesjournals.org/content/license.

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Plasma levels of glucose (A), insulin (B), glucagon (C), and FFAs (D); blood lactate (E); and rates of glucose infusion (F), glucose disappearance (G), EGP (H), and GC (I) under basal conditions and during a hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp within the early stage of diabetes in ZDF rats. ZDF rats were given vehicle (ZDF-V7) or an SGLT2-I (ZDF-CA7) once every day for 7 days before each study. Animals were fasted for 6 h before each study. •, ZDF-V7 in the basal (no clamp) condition; ○, ZDF-CA7 in the basal (no clamp) condition; ▲, ZDF-V7 with a hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp from 0 to 120 min; △, ZDF-CA7 with a hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp from 0 to 120 min. Values are the mean ± SEM of data from six animals in each group. *Significant difference from the corresponding values of the ZDF-V7 group (P < 0.05).