Table 1.
Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and FFA concentrations; blood lactate and alanine concentrations; glucose infusion rate; and Rd, EGP, GC, and glucose excretion into urine rates during the test periods over 7 days in the ZDF-V7 and ZDF-CA7 groups
| Parameters | ZDF-V7 |
ZDF-CA7 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal (no clamp) (n = 6) | HI-HG (n = 6) | Basal (no clamp) (n = 6) | HI-HG (n = 6) | HI-BG (n = 6) | BI-HG (n = 6) | |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 0.8† | 6.2 ± 0.4* | 12.6 ± 0.8† | 5.7 ± 0.3‡ | 13.2 ± 0.7†# |
| Plasma insulin (ng · mL−1) | 9.1 ± 1.4 | 15.1 ± 2.3† | 3.4 ± 0.6* | 14.4 ± 1.2† | 15.3 ± 1.6† | 4.5 ± 0.7‡# |
| Plasma glucagon (pg · mL−1) | 47.5 ± 1.5 | 47.5 ± 3.0 | 49.9 ± 2.2 | 47.6 ± 4.1 | 49.2 ± 4.3 | 50.8 ± 4.3 |
| Blood lactate (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 2.73 ± 0.24† | 0.49 ± 0.04* | 2.16 ± 0.19*† | 1.26 ± 0.24†‡ | 1.94 ± 0.29†# |
| Blood alanine (mmol/L) | 0.69 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.51 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.04* | 0.46 ± 0.06‡ | 0.78 ± 0.13‡ |
| Plasma FFAs (mEq) | 0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.53 ± 0.10 | 0.96 ± 0.15 | 0.53 ± 0.21 | 0.60 ± 0.20 | 0.89 ± 0.23 |
| GIR (µmol · kg−1 · min−1) | 0 | 27 ± 4 | 0 | 235 ± 6* | 71 ± 12† | 180 ± 16†‡ |
| Total Rd (µmol · kg−1 · min−1) | 43 ± 4 | 62 ± 5† | 58 ± 4* | 226 ± 10†* | 120 ± 7†‡ | 192 ± 13†‡ |
| Cumulated UG (mmol · kg−1 · 2 h−1) | 0 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 3.66 ± 0.31* | 11.60 ± 1.18*† | 4.86 ± 0.48† | 11.95 ± 1.17†‡ |
| Total Rd – AUC (mmol · kg−1 · 2 h−1) | 5.17 ± 0.49 | 6.99 ± 0.58† | 6.86 ± 0.50* | 23.11 ± 1.05*† | 12.89 ± 0.79†‡ | 19.54 ± 1.88†# |
| E-Rd – AUC (mmol · kg−1 · 2 h−1) | 5.17 ± 0.49 | 6.93 ± 0.58† | 3.20 ± 0.48* | 11.50 ± 0.45*† | 8.03 ± 0.59†‡ | 7.59 ± 0.88†‡ |
| EGP (µmol · kg−1 · min−1) | 44 ± 5 | 35 ± 8 | 58 ± 4* | −9 ± 11*† | 49 ± 6‡ | 12 ± 8†‡# |
| Detritiation efficiency (%) | 74 ± 5 | 66 ± 8 | 80 ± 4 | 56 ± 11† | 73 ± 6‡ | 52 ± 6†# |
| GC (µmol · kg−1 · min−1) | 42 ± 5 | 51 ± 11† | 36 ± 6 | 166 ± 23*† | 54 ± 17†‡ | 152 ± 24†# |
| G6Pase (µmol · kg−1 · min−1) | 85 ± 10 | 87 ± 19 | 94 ± 10 | 157 ± 34† | 103 ± 23 | 164 ± 30† |
Values are means ± SEMs of an average of six studies for each group. The reported test period values are the averages of measurements taken at 60, 90, and 120 min for plasma insulin, glucagon, and FFAs and for blood lactate and alanine and at 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min for glucose infusion rate (GIR), Rd, EGP, and GC. AUC, area under the curve; BI-HG, basal insulinemic–hyperglycemic clamp; HI-BG, hyperinsulinemic–basal glycemic clamp; HI-HG, hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamp; UG, glucose excretion into urine. *Significantly different from the corresponding values in the ZDF-V7 group (P < 0.05). †Significantly different from the corresponding values under basal conditions (no clamp) for the identical group (P < 0.05). ‡Significantly different from the corresponding values under HI-HG clamp conditions for the identical group (P < 0.05). #Significantly different from the corresponding values under HI-BG clamp conditions for the identical group (P < 0.05).