Table 1.
Odds ratios (95% CI) of being unaware of having diabetes among people with diabetes, U.S., 2011–2014
| Unadjusted | Adjusted† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Overall | Men | Women | |
| Age | ||||
| 20–44 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 45–64 years | 0.66 (0.45–0.97) | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) | 1.02 (0.55–1.89) | 0.53 (0.27–1.05) |
| ≥65 years | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 0.92 (0.51–1.67) | 1.17 (0.63–2.18) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 0.93 (0.51–1.70) | 1.46 (0.85–2.49) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1.74 (1.18–2.58) | 1.44 (0.82–2.54) | 1.52 (0.66–3.49) | 1.72 (0.68–4.39) |
| Mexican American | 1.23 (0.86–1.76) | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) | 0.62 (0.34–1.11) | 1.91 (1.09–3.34) |
| Other Hispanic | 1.69 (1.08–2.62) | 1.30 (0.78–2.14) | 0.96 (0.40–2.30) | 2.21 (1.12–4.34) |
| Sex and GDM status | ||||
| Women without GDM | Reference | Reference | — | Reference |
| Women with GDM | 1.02 (0.68–1.51) | 1.06 (0.68–1.65) | — | 1.04 (0.65–1.65) |
| Men | 1.23 (0.84–1.79) | 1.07 (0.71–1.61) | — | — |
| Family history of diabetes | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) | 0.48 (0.33–0.70) | 0.43 (0.25–0.76) | 0.53 (0.32–0.88) |
| Education | ||||
| Greater than high school education | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High school education | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 1.07 (0.65–1.78) | 0.85 (0.40–1.82) | 1.17 (0.63–2.18) |
| Less than high school education | 1.02 (0.67–1.57) | 0.98 (0.56–1.70) | 1.23 (0.59–2.57) | 0.65 (0.34–1.26) |
| Household income <$20,000 | 0.84 (0.62–1.14) | 0.88 (0.65–1.21) | 1.05 (0.67–1.65) | 0.85 (0.50–1.45) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smokers | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former smokers | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 0.96 (0.63–1.46) | 1.06 (0.60–1.87) | 0.82 (0.39–1.71) |
| Current smokers | 0.84 (0.60–1.17) | 0.75 (0.51–1.12) | 0.63 (0.37–1.08) | 1.09 (0.49–2.44) |
| BMI | ||||
| <25 kg/m2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.15 (0.79–1.67) | 1.17 (0.66–2.07) | 2.56 (1.23–5.30) | 0.53 (0.24–1.21) |
| 30–34.9 kg/m2 | 0.90 (0.52–1.56) | 0.95 (0.45–1.99) | 2.04 (0.69–6.03) | 0.49 (0.18–1.31) |
| ≥35 kg/m2 | 0.70 (0.43–1.15) | 0.77 (0.39–1.53) | 1.52 (0.53–4.35) | 0.47 (0.21–1.05) |
| Low work-time activity levels | 0.86 (0.59–1.23) | 0.74 (0.48–1.12) | 0.66 (0.39–1.14) | 0.77 (0.44–1.34) |
| Low leisure-time activity levels | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) | 0.99 (0.58–1.68) | 1.43 (0.85–2.40) |
| No health insurance | 1.79 (1.29–2.48) | 1.25 (0.74–2.11) | 1.21 (0.64–2.27) | 1.32 (0.61–2.83) |
| Routine health care location | ||||
| Health care at doctor’s office or HMO | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Other place for health care | 0.90 (0.61–1.34) | 0.68 (0.41–1.11) | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 0.51 (0.30–0.90) |
| No routine place for health care | 2.61 (1.68–4.05) | 0.79 (0.43–1.47) | 1.00 (0.52–1.89) | 0.89 (0.29–2.73) |
| No health care in the past year | 5.88 (3.47–9.99) | 5.85 (2.39–14.34) | 5.12 (1.54–17.06) | 7.03 (2.67–18.51) |
| Hospitalized in the past year | 0.54 (0.41–0.73) | 0.66 (0.44–0.99) | 0.57 (0.26–1.27) | 0.67 (0.38–1.17) |
| Hypertension | 0.68 (0.51–0.91) | 0.74 (0.53–1.02) | 0.66 (0.39–1.12) | 0.78 (0.46–1.30) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.81 (0.57–1.14) | 0.80 (0.51–1.24) | 0.96 (0.57–1.63) | 0.65 (0.34–1.24) |
HMO, health maintenance organization.
†
Adjusted for all other variables listed in the table. Odds ratios in boldface type are statistically significant at P < 0.05.