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Structure of each session.
| Phase | Auditory | Transparent | Opaque |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pretest | Hear/repeat | Hear/repeat | Hear/repeat |
| Learning | Hear/repeat | Read/repeat | Read/repeat |
| Posttest | Hear/repeat | Hear/repeat | Hear/repeat |
Note. There were three phases (pretest, learning, and posttest) within three conditions (auditory only, transparent orthography, and opaque orthography). Note that the learning phases of the transparent and opaque conditions contained the crucial manipulation.
