Table 2.
Summary of between group changes on clinical outcomes
| Outcome Measure | Yoga (n = 29) | Control (n = 34) | Unadjusted Mean difference (95% CI) | P (between groups) | Effect Size (partial η 2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 17 | Week 0 | Week 17 | ||||
| Heart Rate Variability | |||||||
| Ln HF power (absolute) | 6.39 ± 1.30 | 6.27 ± 1.30 | 5.67 ± 1.46 | 5.76 ± 1.48 | −0.503 (−1.203 – 0.196) | 0.912 | 0.000 |
| Ln LF power (absolute) | 6.14 ± 1.17 | 5.93 ± 1.09 | 5.66 ± 1.10 | 5.44 ± 1.19 | −0.488 (−1.063 – 0.088) | 0.424 | 0.011 |
| Ln LF:HF ratio | −0.244 ± 0.95 | −0.337 ± 0.92 | −0.002 ± 1.17 | −0.213 ± 1.17 | 0.124 (−0.406 – 0.653) | 0.978 | 0.000 |
| Ln total power | 7.52 ± 1.01 | 7.33 ± 1.05 | 7.02 ± 0.94 | 6.92 ± 1.06 | −0.406 (−0.940 – 0.128) | 0.755 | 0.002 |
| pNN50 | 21.81 ± 21.35 | 21.46 ± 22.71 | 18.72 ± 20.74 | 21.80 ± 24.49 | 0.338 (−11.566 – 12.243) | 0.353 | 0.014 |
| Ln SDNN | 3.99 ± 0.46 | 3.95 ± 0.48 | 3.74 ± 0.44 | 3.77 ± 0.50 | −0.183 (−0.429 – 0.063) | 0.948 | 0.000 |
| Ln RMSSD | 3.78 ± 0.65 | 3.80 ± 0.68 | 3.50 ± 0.68 | 3.61 ± 0.68 | −0.188 (−0.531 – 0.156) | 0.942 | 0.000 |
| Ln Triangular Index | 5.91 ± 0.45 | 5.92 ± 0.43 | 5.85 ± 0.48 | 5.83 ± 0.51 | −0.098 (−0.333 – 0.138) | 0.486 | 0.008 |
| Hemodynamic measures | |||||||
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 64.1 ± 8.0 | 62.9 ± 8.3 | 65.4 ± 9.1 | 62.2 ± 8.7 | −0.784 (−5.084 – 3.516) | 0.248 | 0.022 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.3 ± 11.1 | 119.1 ± 10.3 | 119.8 ± 9.1 | 119.6 ± 8.9 | 0.49 (−4.419 – 5.399) | 0.517 | 0.007 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.7 ± 7.9 | 73.5 ± 8.0 | 76.1 ± 6.4 | 74.3 ± 7.2 | 0.875 (−2.970 – 4.721) | 0.769 | 0.001 |
| Augmentation index (@75 bpm)a | 16.1 ± 9.8 | 16.2 ± 8.8 | 12.9 ± 13.1 | 13.5 ± 11.3 | −2.678 (−7.842 – 2.487) | 0.294 | 0.022 |
| Hematological measures | |||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.15 ± 0.84 | 5.15 ± 0.69 | 5.03 ± 0.91 | 4.98 ± 1.11 | −0.169 (−0.628 – 0.289) | 0.635 | 0.004 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.59 ± 0.52 | 1.53 ± 0.47 | 1.40 ± 0.38 | 1.37 ± 0.34 | −0.157 (−0.369 – 0.055) | 0.886 | 0.000 |
| TC/HDL ratio | 3.53 ± 1.24 | 3.65 ± 1.20 | 3.83 ± 1.25 | 3.84 ± 1.26 | 0.187 (−0.435 – 0.808) | 0.450 | 0.010 |
| LDL (mmol/L)a | 2.94 ± 0.75 | 3.07 ± 0.71 | 3.03 ± 0.84 | 3.02 ± 1.01 | −0.045 (−0.481 – 0.390) | 0.412 | 0.011 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.93 | 1.22 ± 0.64 | 1.28 ± 0.81 | 1.28 ± 0.65 | 0.065 (−0.260 – 0.391) | 0.522 | 0.007 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.01 ± 0.58 | 5.04 ± 0.57 | 4.94 ± 0.44 | 4.94 ± 0.52 | −0.100 (−0.377 – 0.177) | 0.672 | 0.003 |
| Ln hsCRP | 0.64 ± 1.35 | 0.51 ± 1.27 | 0.80 ± 1.23 | 0.78 ± 1.22 | 0.268 (−0.363 – 0.900) | 0.430 | 0.010 |
| Body Compositiona | |||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 86.4 ± 21.2 | 86.2 ± 21.3 | 90.4 ± 21.0 | 91.3 ± 21.3 | 4.328 (−6.279 – 14.935) | 0.618 | 0.004 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.9 ± 6.2 | 29.8 ± 6.2 | 30.9 ± 6.3 | 31.0 ± 6.3 | 1.186 (−1.977 – 4.349) | 0.496 | 0.008 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.9 ± 14.5 | 92.6 ± 14.7 | 95.3 ± 15.1 | 95.0 ± 14.1 | 2.399 (−4.898 – 9.696) | 0.204 | 0.027 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 34.5 ± 14.5 | 34.4 ± 14.4 | 38.0 ± 14.0 | 37.5 ± 13.8 | 3.141 (−4.066 – 10.348) | 0.714 | 0.002 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 48.8 ± 10.4 | 48.8 ± 10.7 | 48.3 ± 11.0 | 48.9 ± 10.8 | 0.117 (−5.390 – 5.624) | 0.126 | 0.039 |
| Fat-free mass (kg) | 51.7 ± 10.9 | 51.8 ± 11.2 | 51.4 ± 11.4 | 52.0 ± 10.9 | 0.150 (−5.575 – 5.876) | 0.147 | 0.035 |
| Body fat (%) | 40.4 ± 9.3 | 40.4 ± 9.3 | 43.2 ± 8.7 | 42.6 ± 8.8 | 2.188 (−2.442 – 6.819) | 0.231 | 0.024 |
Data reported as mean (standard deviation). Abbreviations HF high frequency, LF low frequency, pNN50 percentage of absolute differences between successive normal RR intervals that exceed 50 ms, SDNN standard deviation of the normal-normal interval, RMSSD root-mean-square of the successive normal sinus RR interval difference, HDL high-density lipoprotein, TC/HDL ratio of total cholesterol to HDL, LDL low-density lipoprotein, hsCRP high sensitivity c-reactive protein
* = p < 0.05
a = sample size differs to main data set. DEXA data: yoga group n = 28. AIx: baseline yoga group n = 22, baseline control group n = 30, completion yoga group n = 27. LDL: baseline yoga group n = 28