Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Exposure to 0–1 Dose vs ≥ 2 Doses of Intermittent Preventive Treatment Against Malaria Using Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine
| Characteristic at Enrollment | Doses of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Received, no. (%)a | P Value b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 Dose | ≥2 Doses | ||||
| n = 126 | n = 590 | ||||
| Age of participants | .498 | ||||
| Mean (standard deviation) | 25.8 | (6.5) | 25.4 | (6.4) | |
| Median (interquartile range) | 24.0 | (20.0, 31.0) | 24.0 | (20.0, 30.0) | |
| Marital status | .175 | ||||
| Single | 19 | (15.1) | 123 | (20.8) | |
| Married, divorced/separated, or widowed | 107 | (84.9) | 467 | (79.2) | |
| Age at sexual debut, y | .733 | ||||
| <15 | 13 | (10.3) | 49 | (8.3) | |
| ≥15 | 96 | (76.2) | 455 | (77.1) | |
| Unknown | 17 | (13.5) | 86 | (14.6) | |
| Number of lifetime sexual partners | .362 | ||||
| 1 | 52 | (41.3) | 272 | (46.6) | |
| 2 | 45 | (35.7) | 161 | (27.6) | |
| 3 | 18 | (14.3) | 94 | (16.1) | |
| 4 or more | 11 | (8.7) | 57 | (9.8) | |
| Gravidae | .301 | ||||
| Primigravidae | 27 | (21.4) | 165 | (28.0) | |
| Secundigravidae | 19 | (15.1) | 77 | (13.1) | |
| Multigravidae | 80 | (63.5) | 348 | (59.0) | |
| Wealth quintiles | .048 | ||||
| Lowest | 21 | (16.7) | 115 | (19.5) | |
| Second | 32 | (25.4) | 111 | (18.8) | |
| Middle | 31 | (24.6) | 113 | (19.2) | |
| Fourth | 14 | (11.1) | 122 | (20.7) | |
| Highest | 28 | (22.2) | 129 | (21.9) | |
| Bed net ownership | .493 | ||||
| No | 68 | (54.0) | 297 | (50.3) | |
| Yes | 58 | (46.0) | 293 | (49.7) | |
| Used insecticide-treated net on previous night | .840 | ||||
| No | 77 | (61.1) | 366 | (62.4) | |
| Yes | 49 | (38.9) | 221 | (37.6) | |
| Missing | 0 | 3 | |||
| Indoor residual spraying in the previous 12 months | .186 | ||||
| No | 103 | (83.1) | 439 | (77.6) | |
| Yes | 21 | (16.9) | 127 | (22.4) | |
| Missing | 2 | 24 | |||
| Experienced miscarriage before | .869 | ||||
| No | 86 | (86.9) | 371 | (87.3) | |
| Yes | 13 | (13.1) | 54 | (12.7) | |
| None reported by primigravidae | 27 | 165 | |||
| Delivered a premature baby before | 1.000 | ||||
| No | 94 | (94.9) | 401 | (94.4) | |
| Yes | 5 | (5.1) | 24 | (5.6) | |
| Not applicable to primigravidae | 27 | 165 | |||
| Delivered a stillborn before | .307 | ||||
| No | 94 | (94.9) | 387 | (91.1) | |
| Yes | 5 | (5.1) | 38 | (8.9) | |
| Not applicable to primigravidae | 27 | 165 | |||
| Human immunodeficiency virus status | .186 | ||||
| Negative | 105 | (83.3) | 519 | (88.0) | |
| Positive | 21 | (16.7) | 71 | (12.0) | |
| Malaria and curable STIs/RTIs | |||||
| Malaria (polymerase chain reaction diagnosis) | 62 | (49.2) | 346 | (59.3) | .047 |
| Syphilis (high titer) | 1 | (0.8) | 17 | (2.9) | .223 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 1 | (0.8) | 21 | (3.6) | .152 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | 8 | (6.3) | 26 | (4.4) | .357 |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | 30 | (23.8) | 140 | (23.7) | 1.000 |
| Bacterial vaginosis | 59 | (46.8) | 277 | (46.9) | 1.000 |
| Characteristics at Delivery | |||||
| Place of delivery | .233 | ||||
| Hospital | 119 | (94.4) | 551 | (93.4) | |
| Clinic | 1 | (0.8) | 19 | (3.2) | |
| Home | 6 | (4.8) | 20 | (3.4) | |
| Delivery performed by | .240 | ||||
| Doctor | 3 | (2.4) | 38 | (6.4) | |
| Midwife | 115 | (91.3) | 524 | (88.8) | |
| Family member | 5 | (4.0) | 17 | (2.9) | |
| Other | 3 | (2.4) | 11 | (1.9) | |
| Type of labor | .296 | ||||
| Spontaneous | 126 | (100.0) | 558 | (97.4) | |
| Induced | 0 | (0.0) | 9 | (1.6) | |
| Augmented | 0 | (0.0) | 6 | (1.0) | |
| Type of delivery | .092 | ||||
| Vaginal | 123 | (97.6) | 551 | (93.4) | |
| Cesarean section | 3 | (2.4) | 39 | (6.6) | |
| Hypertension | .296 | ||||
| No | 110 | (96.5) | 506 | (98.1) | |
| Yes | 4 | (3.5) | 10 | (1.9) | |
| Maternal hemoglobin | .786 | ||||
| Normal | 103 | (85.1) | 470 | (83.5) | |
| Anemic | 18 | (14.9) | 93 | (16.5) | |
| Sex of baby | .008 | ||||
| Female | 78 | (61.9) | 287 | (48.6) | |
| Male | 48 | (38.1) | 303 | (51.4) | |
| Received curative treatment for malaria infection | .102 | ||||
| No | 115 | (92.0) | 508 | (86.4) | |
| Yes | 10 | (8.0) | 80 | (13.6) | |
| Received curative treatment for any STI/RTI | 1.000 | ||||
| Untreated | 116 | (92.1) | 540 | (91.5) | |
| Treated | 10 | (7.9) | 50 | (8.5) | |
aAge is shown as the median value with the interquartile range in parentheses.
b P values are from Wilcoxon rank sum test (continuous variables) or Fisher exact test (categorical variables).
Abbreviations: STI, sexually transmitted infections; RTI, reproductive tract infections.