Table 3.
Categories of Maternal Infection and Exposure to Dose 0–1 vs ≥ 2 Doses of Intermittent Preventive Treatment Against Malaria Using Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Among Women with Adverse Birth Outcomes
| Adverse Birth Outcome | 0–1 dose IPTp-SP | ≥2 doses IPTp-SP | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categories of Maternal Infection | No. of Women | No. of Outcomes | No. of Women | No. of Outcomes | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR a | 95% CI |
| Any adverse outcome | ||||||||
| Malaria only | 20 | 13 | 129 | 41 | 0.25 | 0.09, 0.88 | 0.24 | 0.09, 0.66 |
| Malaria and NG and/or CT | 3 | 1 | 27 | 11 | 1.38 | 0.11, 17.09 | 1.17 | 0.09, 15.89 |
| Malaria and TV and/or BV | 38 | 15 | 182 | 67 | 0.89 | 0.44, 1.83 | 0.96 | 0.45, 2.02 |
| Syphilis and any other infection(s)b | 1 | 1 | 17 | 7 | 0.80 | 0.00, 31.20 | 0.80 | 0.00, 31.20 |
| NG and/or CT only | 6 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 0.08 | 0.01, 0.80 | 0.08 | 0.01, 0.64 |
| TV and/or BV only | 32 | 12 | 124 | 42 | 0.85 | 0.38, 1.91 | 0.72 | 0.32, 1.65 |
| No identified infection | 26 | 12 | 97 | 22 | 0.34 | 0.14, 0.85 | 0.27 | 0.11, 0.68 |
| Stillbirth | ||||||||
| Malaria only | 20 | 1 | 129 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.01, 2.54 | 0.15 | 0.01, 2.54 |
| Malaria and NG and/or CT | 3 | 0 | 27 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Malaria and TV and/or BV | 38 | 0 | 182 | 3 | 0.81 | 0.09, Inf | 0.81 | 0.09, Inf |
| Syphilis and any other infection(s) | 1 | 1 | 17 | 0 | 0.06 | 0.00, 2.29 | 0.06 | 0.00, 2.29 |
| NG and/or CT only | 6 | 0 | 14 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| TV and/or BV only | 32 | 1 | 124 | 3 | 0.76 | 0.07, 7.86 | 0.76 | 0.07, 7.86 |
| No identified infection | 26 | 1 | 97 | 1 | 0.26 | 0.02, 4.31 | 0.22 | 0.01, 3.79 |
| Low birth weight | ||||||||
| Malaria only | 20 | 6 | 129 | 25 | 0.56 | 0.20, 1.60 | 0.59 | 0.19, 1.82 |
| Malaria and NG and/or CT | 3 | 1 | 27 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.05, 8.97 | 0.49 | 0.03, 7.35 |
| Malaria and TV and/or BV | 38 | 10 | 182 | 46 | 0.95 | 0.43, 2.10 | 1.08 | 0.46, 2.54 |
| Syphilis and any other infection(s) | 1 | 0 | 17 | 5 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| NG and/or CT only | 6 | 2 | 14 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.01, 2.18 | 0.12 | 0.01, 1.90 |
| TV and/or BV only | 32 | 5 | 124 | 27 | 1.5 | 0.53, 4.27 | 1.22 | 0.41, 3.59 |
| No identified infection | 26 | 8 | 97 | 13 | 0.35 | 0.13, 0.96 | 0.24 | 0.08, 0.68 |
| Preterm delivery | ||||||||
| Malaria only | 20 | 10 | 129 | 21 | 0.19 | 0.07, 0.53 | 0.19 | 0.07, 0.53 |
| Malaria and NG and/or CT | 3 | 0 | 27 | 6 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Malaria and TV and/or BV | 38 | 14 | 182 | 37 | 0.44 | 0.21, 0.93 | 0.45 | 0.21, 0.97 |
| Syphilis and any other infection(s) | 1 | 1 | 17 | 5 | 0.50 | 0.00, 19.50 | 0.50 | 0.00, 19.50 |
| NG and/or CT only | 6 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 0.08 | 0.01, 0.80 | 0.07 | 0.01, 0.73 |
| TV and/or BV only | 32 | 11 | 124 | 25 | 0.48 | 0.21, 1.13 | 0.43 | 0.18, 1.03 |
| No identified infection | 26 | 10 | 97 | 12 | 0.23 | 0.08, 0.61 | 0.20 | 0.07, 0.54 |
| Intrauterine growth retardation | ||||||||
| Malaria only | 20 | 2 | 129 | 18 | 0.8 | 0.16, 4.08 | 0.75 | 0.14, 4.05 |
| Malaria and NG and/or CT | 3 | 1 | 27 | 5 | 0.62 | 0.05, 8.43 | 0.54 | 0.03, 8.43 |
| Malaria and TV and/or BV | 38 | 1 | 182 | 27 | 5.35 | 0.69, 41.40 | 6.11 | 0.76, 49.13 |
| Syphilis and any other infection(s) | 1 | 0 | 17 | 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| NG and/or CT only | 6 | 0 | 14 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| TV and/or BV only | 32 | 1 | 124 | 16 | 3.81 | 0.48, 30.44 | 3.13 | 0.38, 25.68 |
| No identified infection | 26 | 2 | 97 | 9 | 0.83 | 0.16, 4.25 | 0.66 | 0.12, 3.57 |
CIs that do not overlap the null value of OR = 1 are shown in bold. Syphilis and coinfection describes pregnant women who tested positive for syphilis using rapid plasma reagin assays and were also infected with malaria and/or another curable sexually transmitted or reproductive tract infection. NA (not applicable) is used where there are no observations in the reference group (0–1 dose). Inf (infinity) is used where the subsample of outcomes observed is too small to produce an outer limit with certainty.
Abbreviations: BV, bacterial vaginosis; CI, confidence interval; CT, Chlamydia trachomatis; IPTp-SP, intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; OR, odds ratio; TV, Trichomonas vaginalis.
aAdjusted for sexually transmitted and reproductive tract coinfection, gravidae, and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection.
bSyphilis and any other infection(s) refers to any other curable sexually transmitted or reproductive tract infection and/or malaria.