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. 2017 Jan 9;114(1-2):1–8. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0001

eTable 1a. Patients, study design, study quality, and study bias.

Author Study design
and study period 		Hospital
(service mandate) 		AKI incidence/
Number of patients
with AKI 		Exclusion criteria Age/
female
sex 		Study quality *1/
Risk for bias *2
Rind et al.
(18) 		Prospective study with crossover of control and intervention phase
01/1990–07/1991 		Teaching hospital (504 beds) 1573 AKI episodesin 922 patients Creatinine >265 μmol/L, age <18 years 66 years (mean)
46.4% 		6/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Moderate risk of bias
McCoy et al.
(19) 		Prospective study with intervention (before-and-after design)
08/2006–05/2008 		University medical center 1659 patients with AKI

  • Patients who died/were discharged/were transferred within 24 h

  • Chronic dialysis

 58 years
(mean)
41.7% 		7/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Moderate risk of bias
Thomas et al.
(20) 		Prospective observational study
09/2008–12/2008 		2 specialist hospitals
(720 beds/250 beds) 		3% of all admissions
463 AKI episodes
AKI stage 1: 35.6%
AKI stage 2: 38.7%
AKI stage 3: 25.7%

  • Patients in the general nephrology ward

  • Patients in intensive care, chronic dialysis

 75 years
(median)
55.1% 		–
Selby et al.
(13, 21) 		Prospective observational study
(before-and-after design)
06/2010–02/2011 		Specialist hospital
(1139 beds) 		5.4% of all admissions
3202 AKI episodes in
2619 patients
AKI stage 1: 61.5%
AKI stage 2: 19.9%
AKI stage 3: 18.6%

  • Patients in the general nephrology ward

  • Chronic dialysis

 80 years
(median) 		4/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Moderate risk of bias
McCoy et al.
(22) 		Randomized study (parallel groups)
06/2010–08/2010 		University medical center 13.4% of all admissions
1488 AKI episodes

  • Patients with known kidney disease

  • Patients under intensive pharmaceutical/medication monitoring (transplantation)

 60 years
(mean)
47.0% 		3/5 points
(Jadad scale)
Low risk of bias
Colpaert et al.
(23) 		Prospective intervention study
(before-during-after design)
01/2007–07/2007 		Intensive care ward in a
university medical center		 1079 patients with AKI
AKI stage 1: 60%
AKI stage 2: 34%
AKI stage 3: 6%

  • Age <18 years

  • Terminal renal failure

  • Chronic dialysis

  • Renal transplantation <3 months

  • Nephrectomy

  • Renal trauma

 61 years
(median)
39.1% 		5/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Moderate risk of bias
Ahmed et al.
(24) 		Observational study
(validation of methods)
01/2012–12/2012 		Teaching hospital 259 patients with AKI
AKI stage 1: 68%
AKI stage 2: 22%
AKI stage 3: 10%

  • General nephrology ward

  • Chronic dialysis

  • Outpatients

 –
–		 –
Thomas et al.
(25) 		Prospective intervention study
(“before and after“ design)
06/2009–07/2009 		2 teaching hospitals
(720 beds/250 beds)

  • Before phase:

  • 157 patients with AKI

  • AKI stage 1: 35%

  • AKI stage 2: 37%

  • AKI stage 3: 28%

  • After phase:

  • 251 patients with AKI,

  • AKI stage 1: 37%

  • AKI stage 2: 38%

  • AKI stage 3: 26%

  • Chronic dialysis

 After
70.9 years
52.6% 		8/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Moderate risk of bias
Prendecki et al.
(12) 		Observational study
(intervention: emergency team
versus control group) 04/2012–09/2013 		Teaching hospital 831 patients with AKI
994 AKI episodes

  • Chronic dialysis patients in the emergency admissions department

 72.3 years
52.6% 		4/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
High risk of bias
Flynn, Dawnay
(26) 		Prospective observational study Teaching hospital
(846 beds) 		93 patients with AKI
AKI stage 1: 53.5%
AKI stage 2: 21.1%
AKI stage 3: 25.4%

  • General nephrology ward

  • Chronic dialysis

 64 years
(median)
45.0% 		–
Porter et al.
(27) 		Prospective observational study
04/2011–04/2013 		University medical center
(1700 beds) 		10.7% of all admissions
15 550 patients with AKI
AKI stage 1: 67.3%
AKI stage 2: 20.6%
AKI stage 3: 12.1%

  • Terminal renal failure

  • Chronic dialysis

  • Age <16 years

 74 years
(median)
52.0% 		–
Wallace et al.
(28) 		Prospective observational study
12/2011–05/2012 		Teaching hospital
(657 beds) 		6.9% of all admissions
1906 AKI episodes in
1518 patients
AKI stage 1: 56.3%
AKI stage 2: 26.9%
AKI stage 3: 16.8%

  • Chronic dialysis

  • No prior creatinine measurement within 12 months before hospital admission

 78 years
(median)
49.0% 		–
Gulliford, Sloan
(29) 		Prospective intervention study
(“before and after“ design)
2012 		General hospital Before: –
After: 20 patients 		– –
–		 3/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Critical risk of bias
Wilson et al.
(14) 		Single blinded, randomized controlled study (parallel groups)
09/2013–04/2014 		University medical center 10.1% of all admissions
2393 patients with AKI, of
which 1201 in study group
with AKI alerting system

  • Creatinine at admission ≥ 4.0 mg/dL

  • Terminal renal failure

  • Hospice patients

  • Participation in another randomized study

 60 years
(mean)
44.0% 		4/5 points
(Jadad scale)
Low risk of bias
Kolhe et al.
(11, 30) 		Prospective observational study
02/2013–12/2013
and
Prospective, propensity score–matched controlled study
08/2013–01/2015 		In both studies:
teaching hospital		 2297 patients with 2500
AKI episodes
AKI stage 1: 54.1%
AKI stage 2: 25.1%
AKI stage 3: 20.8%
3351 patients with
3717 AKI episodes
AKI stage 1: 51.3%
AKI stage 2: 26.4%
AKI stage 3: 22.3%		 In both studies:

  • Patients in the general nephrology ward

  • Chronic dialysis

 77 years
(mean)
50.0%
and
76.2 years
(mean)
51% 		6/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Moderate risk of bias
8/9 points
(Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Low risk of bias

*1 Newcastle-Ottawa scale [21] for non-randomized studies; Jadad scale [22] for randomized studies;

*2 ACROBAT-NRSi tool (A Cochrane Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool of non-randomised studies of interventions [http://methods.cochrane.org/bias/assessing-risk-bias-included-studies]). AKI, acute kidney injury