Table 3.
Risk of antibiotic use amongst those with sore throat and multilevel logistic regression risk factors for antibiotic use
| Variable | Antibiotics taken | Total sore throat episodes | % | Univariable analysis |
Multivariable analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | ||||
| Chronically ill | 56 | 328 | 17.07 | 1.99 (1.37–2.88) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.24–2.62) | 0.004 |
| Well | 167 | 1836 | 9.10 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 0–4 years | 23 | 87 | 26.44 | 2.61 (1.21–5.63) | 0.1 | 2.23 (0.99–5.01) | 0.23 |
| 5–13 years | 25 | 283 | 8.83 | 1.08 (0.54–2.14) | 1.01 (0.47–2.19) | ||
| 14–24 years | 19 | 169 | 11.24 | 1.36 (0.62–2.97) | 1.61 (0.74–1.49) | ||
| 25–45 years | 46 | 533 | 8.63 | 1.08 (0.60–1.95) | 1.08 (0.58–2.03) | ||
| 46–65 years | 84 | 787 | 10.67 | 1.27 (0.75–2.17) | 1.22 (0.70–2.11) | ||
| >65 years | 29 | 334 | 8.68 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 132 | 1269 | 10.40 | 1 | 0.94 | 1 | 0.82 |
| Male | 94 | 924 | 10.17 | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | ||
| Rural | 137 | 1275 | 10.75 | 1 | 0.60 | — | |
| Urban | 89 | 904 | 9.85 | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | — | ||
| Non-white | 14 | 76 | 18.42 | 1.75 (0.81–3.78) | 0.15 | — | |
| White | 206 | 2028 | 10.16 | 1 | — | ||
| IMD 1 (most deprived) | 4 | 59 | 6.78 | 0.69 (0.24–1.98) | 0.85 | — | |
| IMD 5 (least deprived) | 73 | 730 | 10.00 | 1 | — | ||
| Smokers | 11 | 88 | 12.50 | 1.21 (0.54–2.74) | 0.64 | — | |
| Non-smokers | 215 | 2105 | 10.21 | 1 | — | ||
| Duration (days) | 2193 | 2193 | 100.00 | 1.09 (1.06–1.11) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | |
| Earache | 80 | 424 | 18.87 | 2.36 (1.68–3.29) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.25–2.75) | 0.002 |
| No earache | 146 | 1684 | 8.67 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Any cough | 191 | 1612 | 11.85 | 1.90 (1.18–3.03) | 0.008 | — | |
| No cough | 35 | 572 | 6.12 | 1 | — | ||
| Fever | 83 | 367 | 22.62 | 3.02 (2.19–4.17) | <0.001 | 2.58 (1.74–3.82) | <0.001 |
| No fever | 143 | 1826 | 7.83 | 1 | 1 | ||
| EQ5D index score | 2193 | 2193 | 100.00 | 0.13 (0.06–0.28) | <0.001 | — | |
| Extreme pain | 21 | 52 | 40.38 | 5.88 (2.81–12.30) | <0.001 | 4.14 (1.74–3.81) | 0.002 |
| Some pain | 37 | 331 | 11.18 | 1.33 (0.82–2.15) | 1.18 (0.74–1.89) | ||
| No pain | 168 | 1810 | 9.28 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Extreme loss of usual activity | 20 | 76 | 26.32 | 3.34 (1.77–6.30) | <0.001 | — | |
| Some loss of usual activity | 27 | 191 | 14.14 | 1.62 (0.94–2.78) | — | ||
| No loss of usual activity | 179 | 1926 | 9.29 | 1 | — | ||
| Extreme inability to self-care | 9 | 12 | 75.00 | 13.93 (3.20–60.66) | <0.0004 | — | |
| Some inability to self-care | 10 | 32 | 31.25 | 3.44 (1.18–10.02) | — | ||
| Normal self-care | 207 | 2149 | 9.63 | 1 | — | ||
| Extreme loss of mobility | 16 | 45 | 35.56 | 5.20 (2.89–9.38) | <0.001 | — | |
| Some loss of mobility | 12 | 73 | 16.44 | 1.92 (0.93–3.96) | — | ||
| Normal mobility | 198 | 2075 | 9.54 | 1 | — | ||
| Severe anxiety | 4 | 9 | 44.44 | 6.15 (1.31–28.96) | 0.004 | — | |
| Some anxiety | 18 | 100 | 18.00 | 2.48 (1.26–4.88) | — | ||
| No anxiety | 204 | 2084 | 9.79 | 1 | — | ||
IMD, index of multiple deprivation (IMD 5 = least deprived quintile).