Table 1.

Characteristics of the GOLDN study population (n=944) by quartiles of TMAO levels.^*†

	1st Quartile	2nd Quartile	3rd Quartile	4th Quartile	P-value for Trend
Median TMAO, μM	1.43	2.43	4.39	10.475	2.2×10−16
Range, μM	1.43–1.70	1.71–3.24	3.25–6.06	6.08–42.31
Age, years	45 ±14	48±17	51±16	51±17	1.5×10−7
Sex, n (%) female	141 (59.7)	113 (47.9)	105 (44.4)	102 (43.2)	0.002
Smoker, n (%) current	20 (8.47)	15 (6.36)	20 (8.47)	17 (7.2)	0.78
Body mass index, kg/m2	28±6	28±5	28±6	29±6	0.22
Hypertension, n (%)	49 (21)	57 (24)	62 (26)	78 (33)	0.02
Cholesterol, mg/dl
Low-density lipoprotein	117±29	124±32	123±34	123±30	0.07
High-density lipoprotein	48±13	46±12	46±13	48±14	0.19
Triglycerides, mg/dl	121±73	140±85	140±87	148±128	0.02
C-reactive protein, mg/dl	0.23±0.33	0.20±0.31	0.27±0.69	0.27±0.35	0.22
Diabetes, n (%)	14 (6)	20 (8)	12 (5)	28 (12)	0.03
Intake of animal products‡, servings/day	7±5	8±5	8±5	8±5	0.39

^*TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide

^†We present continuous variables other than TMAO quartile medians as means (standard deviations) and categorical variables as absolute numbers (percentages of total sample).

^‡Includes eggs, beef, pork, lamb, poultry, fish, and other seafood.