Fig. 4.

Chronogram of Rosaceae using 148 species phylogeny with 19 fossil constraints. Positions of the fossil calibrations are depicted with numbered circles. Crown nodes of Rosids, Rosales and Rosaceae are indicated with arrows. The red dashed line and blue strip highlight the Cretaceous-Paleogene and Eocene-Oligocene boundaries, respectively. Ages are presented as millions of years (Myr). There are two possible topologies within Dryadoideae (relationships among Purshia, Cercocarpus and Chamaebatia) having similar support from our analyses of various gene sets (see supplementary fig. S14, Supplementary Material online); here we only present the result from the analysis with the 113-gene concatenation. Jur: Jurassic. E- and L-Cretaceous mean Early and Late Cretaceous. Pal: Paleocene. Oli: Oligocene. P: Pliocene. Q: Quaternary.