Table 1.

Sociality and DNA Methylation Are Not Evolutionary Dependent.

Method	Taxa	n	Trait x	Trait y	Preferred Model	P value
PGLS	Insecta	41	DNA methylationC	Eusocial	λfree	0.445
				Subsocial		0.130
				Communal		0.580
				Solitary		0.820
	Insecta	41	DNA methylationG	Eusocial	λfree	0.442
				Subsocial		0.097
				Communal		0.539
				Solitary		0.880
Pagel’s test	Insectaa	125	DNA methylation	Sociality	Independent	0.721
	Insectaa	125	DNA methylation	Caste	Independent	0.659
	Insectaa	125	DNA methylation	DNMT1	Dependent	0.005
	Insectaa	125	DNA methylation	DNMT3	Independent	0.277
	Hymenoptera	35	DNA methylation	Sociality	Independent	0.344
	Hymenoptera	35	DNA methylation	Caste	Independent	0.425
	Diptera–	68	DNA methylation	Sociality	Independent	0.748
	Diptera–	68	DNA methylation	Caste	Independent	0.946

Note.—Output from PGLS using the phylogeny and traits from figure 1 and Pagel’s test for evolutionary dependence using the phylogeny and traits from figure 2A. For PGLS, a free-model of phylogenetic signal ($\lambda$) was preferred over a model of zero (independence) and a model of one (random, Brownian motion) based on a likelihood ratio test (LRT). Preference for a free-model of $\lambda$ suggests dependence among species’ trait values of DNA methylation and social behavior due to their phylogenetic relationship. The dependent model of trait evolution is not preferred based on a LRT, with DNA methylation and DNMT1 being the exception. Dependence suggests the evolution of social behavior is not reliant on the evolution of DNA methylation. For both tests, P values represent the significance of correlations between trait x and y. P values for PGLS are given for the preferred model.

^aCatajapyx aquilonaris (Dipluran) and Daphnia pulex (Crustacea) included the following: ^Ccoding and ^Ggenome.