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Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of A. metabolic markers - HIF1α, GLUT-1, PKM2 and LDHA and B. mitochondrial markers - DRP1, OPA-1, PGC1-α and UCP2 was measured in rectal uninvolved mucosal biopsies collected from AOM-treated rats (n = 6) or control saline-treated rats (n = 6). The error bar represents standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical significance is denoted as * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001.
