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. 2017 Feb 16;8(13):20667–20678. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15400

Figure 8. Chemical structure of caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), a key component of honey-bee propolis.

Figure 8

The presence of two aromatic rings in CAPE conveys significant hydrophobicity upon the molecule, which could increase its affinity for cellular membranes, such the mitochondrial membrane.