Table 2.

Random-slopes hierarchical models

	Numeracy (maths test score)		Locus of control (internal)
	b	SE	b	SE
Constant effects
Father absent from household	−0.143***	0.014	−0.059***	0.012
Grandparents in the household	−0.180***	0.006	−0.034***	0.008
Siblings in the household	−0.046***	0.005	0.025***	0.006
Female	−0.136***	0.004	−0.152***	0.004
Age in years	0.166***	0.006	−0.017*	0.008
Native born	0.299***	0.006	−0.108***	0.007
Mother’s years of education	0.070***	0.001	0.017***	0.001
Constant	−3.503***	0.107	0.178	0.141

	Var	SE	Var	SE
Random effects
Father absent from household	0.005	0.002	0.002	0.001
Constant	0.062	0.015	0.045	0.011
Covariance	−0.007	0.004	0.000	0.003
Individual residual	0.791	0.002	0.944	0.003

Source PISA 2012, 33 countries, N = 259,652

Rubin’s rules applied to account for multiple imputation (10 imputations)

p values: + 0.1, * 0.05, ** 0.01, *** 0.001