Table 2.
Regression Estimates of Associations Between Flavored Cigarette Bans and Tobacco Use Outcomes
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Variable | Any cigarettes past 30 days | Cigarettes in past 30 days (cigarette users) | Usually smoke menthols (cigarette users) | Any cigars past 30 days | Any smokeless tobacco past 30 days | Any pipe smoking past 30 days | Any cigars, smokeless tobacco, or pipe past 30 days | Any cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, or pipe past 30 days |
| Post-treatment |
0.829*** (0.0202) |
−0.585** (0.210) |
1.448*** (0.0616) |
1.344*** (0.0422) |
1.064 (0.0677) |
1.546*** (0.0626) |
1.142*** (0.0249) |
0.939*** (0.00864) |
| Years from start of sample (0 in 1999) |
0.863*** (0.00999) |
−0.296** (0.0958) |
1.029 (0.0212) |
0.939*** (0.0136) |
1.111*** (0.0331) |
1.108*** (0.0223) |
0.921*** (0.00967) |
0.872*** (0.00413) |
| Years from start of sample squared |
0.997*** (0.0000670) |
0.00177* (0.000708) |
0.996*** (0.000344) |
1.007*** (0.000243) |
0.988*** (0.000398) |
1.001* (0.000249) |
1.002*** (0.000230) |
1.001*** (0.0000857) |
| Age=12 |
2.369*** (0.497) |
1.037***(0.251) | 0.738 (0.268) |
2.173*** (0.229) |
1.898* (0.487) |
3.113*** (0.628) |
2.145*** (0.324) |
2.248*** (0.353) |
| Age=13 |
5.316*** (0.957) |
1.152***(0.237) | 0.863 (0.310) |
4.474*** (0.507) |
3.256*** (0.639) |
5.382*** (1.318) |
4.017*** (0.600) |
4.649*** (0.577) |
| Age=14 |
8.771*** (1.979) |
1.297***(0.183) | 0.860 (0.275) |
6.669*** (0.662) |
4.401*** (0.936) |
7.352*** (1.440) |
6.127*** (0.807) |
7.271*** (1.059) |
| Age=15 |
12.79*** (3.053) |
1.538***(0.234) | 0.883 (0.358) |
11.05*** (1.345) |
6.884*** (1.677) |
8.911*** (2.228) |
9.533*** (1.497) |
11.10*** (1.780) |
| Age=16 |
18.66*** (4.606) |
1.628*** (0.162) |
0.784 (0.294) |
15.41*** (2.591) |
9.818*** (2.878) |
9.177*** (2.332) |
13.33*** (2.668) |
16.14*** (2.894) |
| Age=17 |
22.25*** (5.616) |
1.744***(0.194) | 0.748 (0.330) |
17.94*** (2.969) |
10.52*** (3.312) |
8.995*** (3.129) |
15.24*** (3.073) |
19.54*** (3.515) |
| Age=18 |
31.10*** (7.908) |
1.877***(0.205) | 0.630 (0.272) |
27.42*** (4.719) |
13.46*** (4.386) |
11.96*** (3.800) |
22.58*** (4.797) |
28.46*** (5.295) |
| Age=19 |
45.83*** (15.16) |
2.557***(0.218) | 1.046 (0.421) |
29.91*** (7.290) |
27.02*** (11.55) |
29.44*** (8.985) |
27.08*** (8.212) |
33.09*** (8.751) |
| Male | 1.059 (0.0688) |
0.274***(0.0711) |
0.801*** (0.0435) |
1.796** (0.370) |
3.396* (1.663) |
1.726** (0.300) |
2.026** (0.507) |
1.324* (0.156) |
| Native American |
1.419*** (0.0594) |
0.113 (0.0768) |
1.081 (0.0976) |
1.333*** (0.0884) |
1.304*** (0.0450) |
1.782*** (0.254) |
1.292*** (0.0535) |
1.376*** (0.0444) |
| Asian |
0.372*** (0.0224) |
−0.115 (0.108) |
1.339* (0.198) |
0.392*** (0.0316) |
0.294*** (0.0173) |
0.568** (0.105) |
0.343*** (0.0225) |
0.345*** (0.0128) |
| Black |
0.558*** (0.0246) |
−0.0164 (0.0868) |
1.759** (0.326) |
1.103 (0.130) |
0.298*** (0.0149) |
0.773** (0.0717) |
0.822 (0.0858) |
0.704*** (0.0614) |
| Pacific Islander | 1.272 (0.201) |
0.246 (0.268) |
1.995*** (0.335) |
1.352*** (0.119) |
1.372 (0.242) |
2.087*** (0.375) |
1.282* (0.142) |
1.157 (0.103) |
| Hispanic | 0.919 (0.0439) |
−0.157* (0.0729) |
1.320*** (0.102) |
1.090** (0.0345) |
0.563*** (0.0282) |
1.745*** (0.107) |
0.933 (0.0345) |
0.889** (0.0347) |
| Cigarette price index |
0.994*** (0.000237) |
0.0156*** (0.00119) |
0.998 (0.000912) |
0.968*** (0.000602) |
1.033*** (0.00112) |
0.986*** (0.000561) |
0.984*** (0.000636) |
0.990*** (0.000330) |
| Noncigarette tobacco price index |
1.075*** (0.00671) |
0.126* (0.0505) |
0.995 (0.0105) |
1.000 (0.00776) |
0.988 (0.0154) |
0.956*** (0.0102) |
1.037*** (0.00565) |
1.053*** (0.00262) |
| Unemployment rate for teens |
0.950*** (0.00658) |
−0.205*** (0.0582) |
1.064*** (0.0113) |
1.102*** (0.00935) |
0.940***(0.0159) |
1.094*** (0.0122) |
1.013* (0.00565) |
0.980*** (0.00226) |
| Sample size | 197,834 | 23,272 | 23,272 | 197,834 | 197,834 | 197,834 | 197,834 | 197,834 |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001). ORs reported in columns (1)-(2) and (4)-(8). SEs, heteroscedasticity-robust and clustered by year, are in parentheses.