Table 1.
Demographics, Asthma History, and Exposure to Tobacco Among U.S. Hispanics/Latinos From Diverse National Backgrounds, 2008–2011a
| Overall (n=15,573) | Dominic an (n=1,423) | Central/South American (n=2,760) | Cuban (n=2,322) | Mexican (n=6,433) | Puerto Rican (n=2,635) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| Population characteristic | n | %/mean (95% CI) | %/mean (95% CI) | %/mean (95% CI) | %/mean (95% CI) | %/mean (95% CI) | %/mean (95% CI) |
| Age at interview, mean | 15,573 | 41.4 (40.9– 41.9) | 39.5 (38.1–40.8) | 40.9 (40.0–41.8) | 46.6 (45.5– 47.6) | 38.6 (37.9–39.3) | 43.0 (42.0–43.9) |
| Gender, % | |||||||
| Female | 9,358 | 52.2 (51.1–53.2) | 60.6 (56.8–64.3) | 53.6 (51.2–55.9) | 46.5 (44.4–48.6) | 53.9 (52.0–55.7) | 49.0 (46.2–51.8) |
| Male | 6,215 | 47.8 (46.8 –48.9) | 39.4 (35.7 –43.2) | 46.4 (44.1–48.8) | 53.5 (51.4 –55.6) | 46.2 (44.3 –48.1) | 51.0 (48.2 –53.8) |
| Highest education level, % | |||||||
| 5th grade or less | 2,112 | 9.0 (8.3–9.7) | 9.3 (7.7–11.3) | 12.0 (10.3–14.0) | 3.6 (3.0–4.5) | 15.4 (13.9–17.1) | 3.0 (2.3–3.8) |
| 6th grade – some HS | 3,845 | 23.8 (22.6–25.0) | 28.7 (25.6–32.1) | 20.3 (18.4–22.4) | 16.6 (14.8–18.5) | 22.9 (20.9–25.1) | 33.1 (30.0–36.4) |
| HS diploma or equivalent | 4,010 | 28.4 (27.3–29.6) | 22.4 (19.1–26.0) | 26.5 (24.5–28.6) | 32.2 (29.4–35.0) | 28.2 (26.5–30.1) | 28.4 (26.0–30.9) |
| Beyond HS | 5,581 | 38.8 (37.2–40.4) | 39.6 (36.2–43.1) | 41.2 (38.4–44.1) | 47.7 (44.7–50.7) | 33.5 (30.4–36.6) | 35.5 (32.4–38.7) |
| Study center, % | |||||||
| Bronx | 3,699 | 27.3 (24.6–30.2) | 94.3 (91.3–96.2) | 20.8 (17.0–25.2) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 7.6 (5.7–10.0) | 71.5 (67.3–75.3) |
| Chicago | 4,003 | 16.3 (14.4–18.4) | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 17.0 (13.8–20.8) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 25.5 (22.1–29.3) | 21.4 (18.0–25.3) |
| Miami | 3,914 | 29.7 (25.6–34.1) | 4.5 (2.7–7.5) | 58.0 (51.9–64.0) | 97.4 (95.8–98.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 4.5 (3.2–6.3) |
| San Diego | 3,957 | 26.7 (23.4–30.3) | 0.4 (0.1–1.5) | 4.2 (2.8–6.3) | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | 65.8 (61.5–69.9) | 2.6 (1.5–4.5) |
| Place of birth, % | |||||||
| U.S.-born (within U.S. mainland) | 2,519 | 21.3 (19.8–22.9) | 14.4 (11.5–17.8) | 6.6 (5.1–8.3) | 9.6 (7.4–12.4) | 21.2 (19.3–23.1) | 50.8 (47.8–53.8) |
| Foreign (outside U.S. mainland) | 13,054 | 78.7 (77.1–80.2) | 85.6 (82.2–88.5) | 93.5 (91.7–94.9) | 90.4 (87.6–92.6) | 78.9 (76.9–80.7) | 49.2 (46.2–52.2) |
| Age at relocation,% among foreign-born | |||||||
| Relocated age 0–18 | 3,079 | 28.0 (26.5–29.6) | 29.3 (26.6–32.2) | 19.2 (17.2–21.3) | 16.7 (14.6–19.1) | 28.9 (26.9–30.9) | 61.5 (56.5–66.2) |
| Relocated age 19–30 | 4,685 | 36.3 (34.8–37.8) | 35.8 (32.3–39.4) | 40.1 (37.6–42.7) | 30.3 (27.8–32.9) | 40.2 (37.7–42.8) | 27.3 (23.5–31.5) |
| Relocated age >30 | 5,246 | 35.7 (33.7–37.7) | 34.9 (32.3–37.6) | 40.7 (38.4–43.0) | 53.0 (49.9–56.1) | 30.9 (28.3–33.7) | 11.2 (9.3–13.5) |
| Self-reported lifetime asthma, % | |||||||
| No | 12,861 | 81.5 (80.4–82.5) | 81.3 (78.3–83.9) | 87.9 (86.3–89.2) | 76.0 (73.8–78.1) | 89.3 (88.0–90.4) | 62.4 (59.4–65.3) |
| Yes, onset age 0–18 | 1,505 | 12.2 (11.3–13.2) | 10.3 (8.3–12.7) | 8.0 (6.9–9.4) | 20.2 (18.2–22.4) | 5.9 (5.0–7.0) | 24.1 (21.5–26.9) |
| Yes, onset age 19–30 | 399 | 2.5 (2.2–2.9) | 2.3 (1.5–3.4) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.8 (1.2–2.5) | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 5.3 (4.4–6.5) |
| Yes, onset >30 years old | 808 | 3.8 (3.4–4.3) | 6.2 (4.9–7.8) | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) | 2.8 (2.3–3.4) | 8.2 (6.5–10.3) |
| Smoking, % | |||||||
| Never | 9,577 | 62.0 (60.7–63.2) | 76.7 (73.2–79.9) | 68.8 (66.2–71.2) | 56.6 (53.6–59.6) | 63.8 (61.7–65.9) | 50.0 (47.0–53.0) |
| Initiated ≤18 | 4,119 | 27.3 (26.2–28.5) | 16.1 (13.0–19.7) | 21.0 (18.8–23.3) | 32.1 (29.5–34.9) | 25.0 (23.3–26.7) | 38.5 (35.6–41.5) |
| Initiated >18 | 1,855 | 10.7 (10.0–11.5) | 7.2 (5.8–9.0) | 10.3 (9.0–11.7) | 11.3 (9.9–12.8) | 11.2 (9.9–12.7) | 11.5 (9.9–13.2) |
| Among ever smokers, mean | |||||||
| Pack years | 5,743 | 14.0 (13.1–14.9) | 12.8 (11.2–14.5) | 11.1 (9.7–12.5) | 20.8 (19.3–22.3) | 9.0 (8.3–9.6) | 15.9 (15.0–16.9) |
| Age at initiation | 5,974 | 17.4 (17.2–17.6) | 17.7 (17.0–18.3) | 18.2 (17.7–18.6) | 16.9 (16.6–17.3) | 18.0 (17.6–18.4) | 16.7 (16.3–17.1) |
| Smoker in the home during childhood, % | |||||||
| No | 7,575 | 48.7 (47.2–50.2) | 49.4 (45.7–53.1) | 59.1 (56.8–61.3) | 32.0 (29.3–34.8) | 56.7 (54.7–58.7) | 42.3 (39.1–45.5) |
| Yes | 7,931 | 51.3 (49.8–52.8) | 50.6 (47.0–54.3) | 40.9 (38.7–43.2) | 68.0 (65.2–70.7) | 43.3 (41.3–45.3) | 57.8 (54.5–60.9) |
a
Least squared means derived from linear regression models were computed for continuous variables; and conditional marginal prevalences, representing age-adjusted prevalence estimates for the target population, were derived from multinomial logistic regression models. Point estimates and 95% CIs of age-adjusted proportions/means are reported for each Hispanic/Latino background within the target population; estimates adjusted for age differences between background groups; all reported estimates account for the complex sampling scheme used in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.
HS, high school