| Endocrine diseases |
Hypogonadism; insensitivity syndrome of estrogen; panhypopituitarism; growth hormone deficiency; hyperthyroidism; Cushing syndrome; primary hyperparathyroidism; primary hypoparathyroidism; McCune-Albright syndrome |
| Iatrogenic causes |
Anticonvulsants; gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue; L-thyroxine (high dose); antiretroviral drugs; anticoagulants; chemotherapeutic drugs; corticosteroids treatments |
| Genetic syndromes |
Turner syndrome; Klinefelter syndrome; 22q11 deletion syndrome; Down syndrome; Williams-Beuren syndrome |
| Malignancies |
Leukemia; lymphoma; solid tumors |
| Nutritional problems |
Nervous anorexia; lactose intolerance; deficiency of calcium, copper, etc.; vegetarian diets; malnutrition; total parenteral nutrition |
| Chronic diseases |
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus; dermatomyositis; chronic renal failure; renal tubular acidosis; idiopathic hypercalciuria; cholestatic forms; celiac disease; Crohn disease; ulcerative Colitis; congestive heart failure; thalassemia; hereditary hemochromatosis; haemophilia; sickle cell anemia; systemic mastocytosis; hyper-IgE syndrome; overweight/obesity |
| Other |
Immobilization/little use; intense physical activity; posttransplant; prematurity |
