Table 3.

Correct answers among teachers and students for each of the seven neuromyths and seven scientifically substantiated theses (M = myth, S = scientifically substantiated).

Thesis ID		Correct answers (%)
		Teachers	Students
NEUROMYTHS
4M	Certain music genres require special ways of listening attitude. For classical music, only an intellectual listening style is appropriate.	96.7	90.4
1M	Excellent classical musicians are on average more intelligent than non-musical graduates of a university program.	75.8	80.8
3M	Those who listen passively to classical music during certain learning phases have advantages over those who do not listen passively to music.	68.1	64.8
2M	Music education improves one's performance in calculus significantly.	62.6	51.2
5M	Right-handers process speech in the left hemisphere of their brains and music in the right.	39.6	62.4
7M	The ability to improvise on the piano is controlled by the right hemisphere. Special exercises can enhance the performance of this hemisphere.	44.0	40.8
6M	Cognitive abilities, e.g., intelligence in children, can be effectively enhanced by music education.	29.7	24.8
SCIENTIFICALLY SUBSTANTIATED THESES
8S	Musicians show a strong neurophysiological “coupling” between hearing and motor movement. This link was developed by intensive training.	79.1	87.2
12S	The anatomic structure of the brain changes through intensive practice of an instrument.	81.3	79.2
13S	Music education can enhance language skills.	82.4	76.0
11S	Musicians can process music faster, more precisely and more efficiently than non-musicians.	81.3	74.4
10S	Although not hearing-impaired, some people cannot understand tones, melodies and rhythms.	72.5	80.8
14S	The processing of auditory information is trained by music listening.	73.6	78.4
9S	The influence of passive listening to music during nonmusical activities depends, for example, on a person's degree of musical sophistication, the emotional effect and the character of the music.	62.6	68.0