Table 4.

mRNA analyses of positive and negative regulators of autophagy in the skeletal muscle of older men under basal conditions and after resistance exercise and the ingestion of 10 g of essential amino acids containing 1.8 g (control) or 3.5 g of leucine (leucine)

	Basal		2 h		5 h		24 h
mRNA	Control	Leucine	Control	Leucine	Control	Leucine	Control	Leucine
Positive regulators of autophagy
ATG7	1.08 ± 0.15	1.07 ± 0.14	1.06 ± 0.15	1.21 ± 0.15	1.04 ± 0.15	1.06 ± 0.17	1.08 ± 0.05	1.29 ± 0.23
BECN1	1.01 ± 0.07	0.92 ± 0.05	1.07 ± 0.06	0.98 ± 0.05	1.25 ± 0.13	1.01 ± 0.08	1.22 ± 0.10	1.11 ± 0.11
BNIP3	1.02 ± 0.09	1.09 ± 0.18	1.09 ± 0.10	1.13 ± 0.20	1.12 ± 0.11	1.13 ± 0.11	1.05 ± 0.10	0.96 ± 0.17
GABARAP	1.07 ± 0.16	1.02 ± 0.08	1.09 ± 0.15	1.29 ± 0.23	1.20 ± 0.16	1.18 ± 0.14	1.09 ± 0.16	1.22 ± 0.22
LAMP2B	1.08 ± 0.15	1.05 ± 0.12	1.19 ± 0.16	1.31 ± 0.23	1.25 ± 0.17	1.11 ± 0.10	0.96 ± 0.13	0.99 ± 0.21
LC3	1.04 ± 0.12	1.02 ± 0.09	1.51 ± 0.20*	1.39 ± 0.18*	1.60 ± 0.18*	1.29 ± 0.11	1.52 ± 0.19*	1.32 ± 0.18
Negative regulators of autophagy
CISD2	1.03 ± 0.10	0.99 ± 0.12	0.95 ± 0.13	1.05 ± 0.14	1.06 ± 0.13	1.00 ± 0.09	1.35 ± 0.16	1.42 ± 0.25*
RUNX1	1.07 ± 0.95	1.16 ± 0.46	2.13 ± 1.05	4.51 ± 2.89†	5.10 ± 2.84*	6.91 ± 4.66*	7.03 ± 3.69*	12.02 ± 7.63*

Values represent relative fold changes determined from the Ct values using the 2^–ΔΔCt method (25). Data for runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) were transformed and are presented as geometric means ± 95% confidence interval. All other data are presented as means ± SE. ATG7, autophagy related 7; BECN1, Beclin-1; BNIP3, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3; GABARAP, GABA(A) receptor-associated protein; LAMP2B, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 transcript variant B; LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; CISD2, CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2.

^*P < 0.05 vs. basal.

^†P = 0.08 vs. basal.