Table 1.
Functional and structural parameter evaluation of hearts without defects
| Parameter | NL | CON | OTB 11–20% | OTB 21–35% | OTB 36–45% | OTB 46–60% | VVL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood flow parameters, n | 11 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 8 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 156 ± 17 | 151 ± 23 | 154 ± 40 | 160 ± 32 | 147 ± 31 | 168 ± 24 | 182 ± 49 |
| Stroke volume, mm3 | 9.7 ± 2.1 | 9.6 ± 2.5 | 10.2 ± 5.8 | 8.1 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 4.2 | 10.9 ± 3.0 | 9.2 ± 4.5 |
| Cardiac output, ml/min | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 1.2 |
| LVEF, % | 53.4 ± 9.9 | 64.4 ± 16.1 | 56.6 ± 15.1 | 52.6 ± 2.1 | 56.5 ± 17.0 | 62.2 ± 6.4 | 70.9 ± 12.4* |
| Peak velocity, mm/s | 423 ± 120 | 414 ± 166 | 425 ± 191 | 411 ± 170 | 369 ± 167 | 669 ± 209* | 378 ± 142 |
| Velocity time integral, mm | 34.8 ± 7.7 | 38.6 ± 17.2 | 34.7 ± 16.0 | 33.7 ± 14.5 | 31.7 ± 14.7 | 53.5 ± 22.8 | 35.9 ± 12.0 |
| TDI radial annular velocities, n | 11 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| E′, mm/s | 27.7 ± 14.6 | 22.6 ± 9.0 | 32.8 ± 22.2 | 25.3 ± 17.8 | 21.4 ± 14.3 | 17.6 ± 3.2* | 21.7 ± 8.1 |
| S′, mm/s | 16.5 ± 6.9 | 13.2 ± 5.1 | 20.1 ± 11.5 | 17.4 ± 9.7 | 13.5 ± 3.3 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 18.3 ± 7.4 |
| TDI longitudinal annular velocities, n | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| E′, mm/s | 25.7 ± 6.0 | 32.7 ± 3.1 | 35.1 ± 2.1 | 14.9 | 24.8 ± 3.3 | 35.8 ± 12.6 | |
| S′, mm/s | 10.2 ± 2.0 | 17.2 ± 2.5 | 16.0 ± 0.7 | 8.3 | 13.1 ± 2.3 | 26.5 ± 2.2 | |
| LV structure, n | 10 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 10 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.58 ± 0.08 | 0.61 ± 0.13 | 0.58 ± 0.11 | 0.52 ± 0.13 | 0.65 ± 0.10 | 0.47 ± 0.09* | 0.57 ± 0.14 |
| Compact myocardium thickness, µm | 257 ± 34 | 241 ± 38 | 231 ± 44 | 229 ± 51 | 231 ± 48 | 159 ± 20* | 226 ± 57 |
| Trabecular myocardium thickness, µm | 160 ± 51 | 149 ± 53 | 158 ± 47 | 152 ± 97 | 164 ± 27 | 158 ± 63 | 146 ± 62 |
| Sphericity | 2.03 ± 0.14 | 2.06 ± 0.14 | 2.05 ± 0.21 | 2.08 ± 0.27 | 2.01 ± 0.24 | 1.99 ± 0.32 | 1.97 ± 0.19 |
| RV structure, n | 10 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 10 |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.73 ± 0.08 | 0.77 ± 0.12 | 0.82 ± 0.12 | 0.73 ± 0.19 | 0.94 ± 0.43 | 0.64 ± 0.07* | 0.81 ± 0.10 |
| Compact myocardium thickness, µm | 168 ± 44 | 182 ± 57 | 177 ± 45 | 178 ± 34 | 136 ± 27* | 118 ± 30* | 161 ± 55 |
| Trabecular myocardium thickness, µm | 164 ± 40 | 195 ± 54 | 183 ± 30 | 218 ± 60 | 168 ± 60 | 159 ± 10 | 201 ± 74 |
| Sphericity | 1.55 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.27 | 1.59 ± 0.22 | 1.50 ± 0.20 | 1.54 ± 0.19 | 1.61 ± 0.46 | 1.66 ± 0.18 |
| Septal thickness, µm | 653 ± 86 | 635 ± 104 | 616 ± 68 | 536 ± 47* | 623 ± 150 | 547 ± 90 | 534 ± 133* |
| Relative great vessel diameters, n | 10 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 10 |
| Aortic root | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.08 | 0.45 ± 0.07* |
| Pulmonary root | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.08 | 0.55 ± 0.07* |
| Right aortic arch | 0.40 ± 0.09 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 0.47 ± 0.14 | 0.44 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.42 ± 0.11 |
| Right brachiocephalic artery | 0.40 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.09 | 0.43 ± 0.10 |
| Left brachiocephalic artery | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.37 ± 0.10 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 0.38 ± 0.07 |
| Right pulmonary artery | 0.43 ± 0.08 | 0.41 ± 0.10 | 0.46 ± 0.11 | 0.41 ± 0.10 | 0.49 ± 0.11 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.48 ± 0.12 |
| Left pulmonary artery | 0.46 ± 0.09 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.59 ± 0.07* | 0.60 ± 0.11* | 0.56 ± 0.13 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.53 ± 0.10 |
Values are means ± SD. NL, normal; CON, control; OTB, outflow tract banded groups; VVL, vitelline vein ligated; LV, left ventricular; RV, right ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.
*
P < 0.05, significant difference from control groups.