TABLE 2.
Association between cumulative averaged dairy intake and breast composition at Tanner breast stage 4 in 290 girls in the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (2006–2016)1
| Fibroglandular volume,2 % |
Fibroglandular volume,2 cm3 |
||||
| Category of intake | Girls, n | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| Total dairy, g/d | |||||
| Q1 (≤149) | 71 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (150–256) | 74 | 0.2 (−5.3, 5.9) | 0.9 (−2.8, 4.6) | −1.1 (−11.4, 9.1) | −1.0 (−11.1, 9.1) |
| Q3 (257–374) | 73 | 1.6 (−3.7, 7.0) | −0.5 (−4.2, 3.1) | −5.3 (−15.5, 4.8) | −5.0 (−15.0, 5.0) |
| Q4 (≥375) | 72 | 4.7 (−0.7, 10.1) | 1.7 (−2.0, 5.4) | 4.6 (−5.7, 14.8) | 6.0 (−4.1, 16.1) |
| P-trend | — | 0.06 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.30 |
| High-fat dairy, g/d | |||||
| Q1 (≤64) | 72 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 (65–174) | 73 | −5.0 (−10.5, 0.4) | 0.3 (−3.5, 4.1) | −1.6 (−12.0, 8.9) | −4.9 (−15.4, 5.6) |
| Q3 (175–261) | 73 | 1.2 (−4.1, 6.6) | 2.7 (−1.0, 6.5) | −1.3 (−11.6, 8.9) | −2.7 (−12.8, 7.4) |
| Q4 (≥262) | 72 | 1.9 (−3.5, 7.2) | 1.6 (−2.1, 5.3) | 5.3 (−4.9, 15.6) | 4.8 (−5.3, 14.9) |
| P-trend | — | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.25 |
| Low-fat dairy, g/d | |||||
| C1 (0) | 95 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 110 | 1.9 (−2.7, 6.5) | −1.7 (−4.8, 1.5) | −5.6 (−14.3, 3.1) | −4.8 (−13.4, 3.8) |
| C3 (126–249) | 61 | −0.7 (−6.1, 4.6) | −2.3 (−6.0, 1.4) | −9.9 (−20.0, 0.3) | −9.0 (−19.1, 1.1) |
| C4 (≥250) | 24 | 5.0 (−2.4, 12.4) | 1.9 (−7.0, 3.2) | −9.1 (−23.1, 4.9) | −6.4 (−20.5, 7.6) |
| P-trend | — | 0.65 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.12 |
| Total milk, g/d | |||||
| C1 (0) | 80 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 91 | 2.1 (−3.0, 7.3) | 0.6 (−2.9, 4.1) | 0.2 (−9.5, 9.9) | 0.3 (−9.3, 9.9) |
| C3 (126–249) | 63 | 2.7 (−2.8, 8.1) | −0.9 (−4.7, 2.9) | −0.7 (−11.1, 9.7) | −0.0 (−10.4, 10.3) |
| C4 (≥250) | 56 | 0.8 (−4.9, 6.4) | −1.5 (−5.3, 2.4) | 4.6 (−6.1, 15.3) | 5.0 (−5.6, 15.6) |
| P-trend | — | 0.71 | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.45 |
| High-fat milk, g/d | |||||
| C1 (0) | 125 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 79 | 3.0 (−1.8, 7.8) | 1.6 (−1.7, 4.9) | −0.4 (−9.5, 8.7) | 0.5 (−8.6, 9.6) |
| C3 (>125) | 86 | 2.0 (−2.6, 6.6) | −0.1 (−3.2, 3.0) | 2.9 (−5.8, 11.6) | 3.6 (−5.0, 12.2) |
| P-trend | — | 0.36 | 0.98 | 0.53 | 0.42 |
| Low-fat milk, g/d | |||||
| C1 (0) | 206 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 53 | −3.3 (−8.4, 1.8) | −3.9 (−7.4, −0.5) | −5.8 (−15.4, 3.9) | −6.5 (−16.1, 3.0) |
| C3 (>125) | 31 | −2.1 (−8.3, 4.2) | −2.0 (−6.2, 2.2) | 1.3 (−10.5, 13.1) | 0.9 (−10.7, 12.6) |
| P-trend | — | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.67 |
| Yogurt, g/d | |||||
| C1 (0) | 123 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 110 | 1.9 (−2.5, 6.3) | −1.2 (−4.2, 1.9) | −6.9 (−15.1, 1.4) | −6.7 (−15.1, 1.6) |
| C3 (>125) | 57 | 2.9 (−2.3, 8.1) | −0.3 (−3.9, 3.3) | −12.1 (−21.9, −2.3) | −10.2 (−20.2, −0.3) |
| P-trend | — | 0.25 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Mixed-dairy beverage, g/d | |||||
| C1 (0) | 182 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 63 | −1.8 (−6.7, 3.1) | 2.9 (−0.4, 6.2) | 0.3 (−9.0, 9.7) | −1.3 (−10.6, 8.0) |
| C3 (>125) | 45 | 3.9 (−1.5, 9.3) | 4.5 (0.9, 8.1) | 3.0 (−7.2, 13.3) | 2.1 (−8.0, 12.1) |
| P-trend | — | 0.33 | 0.007 | 0.60 | 0.80 |
C, category; Q, quartile.
All values are βs (95% CIs). βs were estimated from a linear regression model that was adjusted for total calorie intake, age at Tanner breast stage 4, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, television watching after school, and highest maternal educational level. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for BMI-for-age z score and height. For all specific dairy types, βs represent absolute differences in outcomes (percentage of fibroglandular volume and fibroglandular volume) in the second, third, and fourth categories of intake compared with in the first category of intake (the reference category). Tests for trend across categories were conducted with the use of a variable with the median value in each category as a continuous variable.