TABLE 3.
Association between cumulative averaged dairy intake and age at menarche in 324 girls in the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (2006–2016)1
| Model2 |
||||
| Category of intake | Girls, n | 1 | 2 | Difference in age at menarche,3 mo |
| Total dairy, g/d | ||||
| Q1 (≤145) | 81 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| Q2 (146–260) | 81 | 0.80 (0.57, 1.12) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.14) | 1.7 (−1.0, 4.5) |
| Q3 (261–375) | 82 | 0.75 (0.53, 1.05) | 0.80 (0.56, 1.14) | 2.1 (−0.6, 4.9) |
| Q4 (≥376) | 80 | 0.91 (0.65, 1.28) | 0.96 (0.68, 1.35) | −0.3 (−3.0, 2.5) |
| P-trend | — | 0.67 | 0.96 | — |
| High-fat dairy, g/d | ||||
| Q1 (≤60) | 81 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| Q2 (61–175) | 81 | 0.60 (0.43, 0.83) | 0.55 (0.39, 0.79) | 5.8 (3.1, 8.5) |
| Q3 (176–260) | 81 | 0.62 (0.44, 0.86) | 0.60 (0.43, 0.85) | 3.7 (1.0, 6.3) |
| Q4 (≥261) | 81 | 0.95 (0.68, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.66, 1.30) | 0.2 (−2.4, 2.9) |
| P-trend | — | 0.80 | 0.78 | — |
| Low-fat dairy, g/d | ||||
| C1 (0) | 112 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 120 | 0.77 (0.57, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.11) | 2.1 (−0.2, 4.4) |
| C3 (126–249) | 65 | 0.49 (0.34, 0.70) | 0.46 (0.32, 0.68) | 5.3 (2.5, 8.0) |
| C4 (≥250) | 27 | 0.64 (0.40, 1.02) | 0.66 (0.39, 1.11) | 2.5 (−1.1, 6.2) |
| P-trend | — | <0.001 | <0.001 | — |
| Total milk, g/d | ||||
| C1 (0) | 96 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 101 | 0.60 (0.44, 0.81) | 0.61 (0.44, 0.83) | 3.3 (0.8, 5.8) |
| C3 (126–249) | 64 | 0.63 (0.44, 0.88) | 0.70 (0.49, 0.99) | 2.5 (−0.3, 5.3) |
| C4 (≥250) | 63 | 0.73 (0.51, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.22) | −0.1 (−2.8, 2.7) |
| P-trend | — | 0.13 | 0.55 | — |
| High-fat milk, g/d | ||||
| C1 (0) | 147 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 86 | 0.60 (0.45, 0.81) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.90) | 3.1 (0.7, 5.5) |
| C3 (>125) | 91 | 0.77 (0.58, 1.02) | 0.87 (0.65, 1.17) | 0.5 (−1.8, 2.8) |
| P-trend | — | 0.02 | 0.21 | — |
| Low-fat milk, g/d | ||||
| C1 (0) | 235 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 54 | 0.55 (0.39, 0.78) | 0.57 (0.40, 0.82) | 3.8 (1.2, 6.5) |
| C3 (>125) | 35 | 0.73 (0.50, 1.09) | 0.72 (0.48, 1.07) | 0.9 (−2.1, 4.0) |
| P-trend | — | 0.008 | 0.01 | — |
| Yogurt, g/d | ||||
| C1 (0) | 145 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 119 | 0.72 (0.54, 0.95) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.13) | 2.8 (0.6, 5.0) |
| C3 (>125) | 60 | 0.57 (0.41, 0.79) | 0.64 (0.46, 0.91) | 4.6 (1.9, 7.4) |
| P-trend | — | <0.001 | 0.01 | — |
| Mixed-dairy beverage, g/d | ||||
| C1 (0) | 200 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | Reference |
| C2 (1–125) | 71 | 0.79 (0.58, 1.07) | 0.73 (0.53, 0.99) | 3.9 (1.5, 6.4) |
| C3 (>125) | 53 | 1.41 (1.02, 1.94) | 1.18 (0.84, 1.65) | −1.5 (−4.1, 1.1) |
| P-trend | — | 0.27 | 0.97 | — |
1
C, category; Q, quartile.
2
All values are HRs (95% CIs). HRs were estimated from a Cox proportional hazards model that was adjusted for total calorie intake, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, television watching after school, maternal age at menarche, and highest maternal education level. Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for BMI-for-age z score and height at the visit before menarche.
3
All values are βs (95% CIs). βs were estimated from an accelerated failure time model with a normal-outcome distribution that was adjusted for the same variables in model 2.