TABLE 3.

GSEA of canonical VDR-dependent and GSEA hallmark immune-pathway gene sets¹

	Peripheral blood				Skin
	Oral vitamin D3		UVB		Oral vitamin D3		UVB
Gene set	NES	FDR q	NES	FDR q	NES	FDR q	NES	FDR q
V$VDR_Q3	−2.552	0.0012	−1.642	0.0502	2.142	0.0052	2.542	<0.0012
V$VDR_Q6	−1.782	0.0372	−1.892	0.0222	2.672	<0.0012	2.282	0.0022
V$DR3_Q4	−1.822	0.0322	−1.54	0.085	1.962	0.0122	2.162	0.0042
Hallmark immune gene sets
Allograft rejection	0.96	0.491	−2.832	<0.0012	1.03	0.416	−1.40	0.255
Coagulation	−0.80	0.785	−1.34	0.169	1.20	0.252	0.71	0.855
Complement	1.11	0.382	−3.032	<0.0012	1.892	0.0182	1.46	0.115
IFN-α response	4.142	<0.0012	−4.052	<0.0012	2.082	0.0062	−2.432	0.0032
IFN-γ response	3.412	<0.0012	−4.862	<0.0012	2.122	0.0042	−2.002	0.0062
IL6-JAK/STAT3 signaling	−1.06	0.488	−1.972	0.0152	1.732	0.0372	1.36	0.362
Inflammatory response	−1.07	0.491	−2.292	0.0032	1.45	0.104	−1.23	0.363

¹Data were stratified by tissue and treatment. Gene sets were based on the Molecular Signatures Database (21, 24). For peripheral blood analyses, n = 15 for oral vitamin D₃, and n = 13 for UV. For skin analyses, n = 9 for oral vitamin D₃, and n = 7 for UV. FDR, false-discovery rate; GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis; IFN, interferon; NES, normalized enrichment score; UVB, UV type B; VDR, vitamin D receptor.

²Significant, P < 0.05.