TABLE 1.

Differences between disease stage groups and controls^a

Stimulus	Total BUD group (n = 39)	Early BUD (n = 23)	Late BUD (n = 16)	Controls (n = 37)	P valueb
					Overall groups (Kruskal- Wallis test)	Early vs late	Late vs control	Early vs control	BUD total vs controls
IL-10 PHA	2.12 (1.0-3.7)	2.0 (1.0-3.7)	2.5 (1.7-5.8)	2.8 (1.8-6.0)	0.136				0.10
IL-4 PHA	0.51 (0.41-0.78)	0.56 (0.41-0.83)	0.48 (0.40-0.74)	0.64 (0.43-0.94)	0.163				0.07
IFN-γ PHA	10.4 (6.2-15.8)	7.4 (4.3-11.3)	15.2 (9.3-20.9)	15.5 (7.7-32.5)	0.001b	0.003c	0.771	0.001c	0.02d
IFN-γ/IL-4 PHA	21.0 (9.0-37.8)	15.9 (4.8-31.0)	32.9 (18.6-47.0)	21.5 (9.1-43.1)	0.072b	0.021c	0.323	0.069	0.48
IFN-γ/IL-10 PHA	4.96 (2.1-8.1)	4.0 (1.9-6.4)	5.0 (2.7-8.7)	4.0 (1.7-11.0)	0.541				0.53
IL-10 tuberculin	0.00 (0.0-0.08)	0 (0-0.1)	0 (0-0)	0 (0-0.1)	0.330				0.48
IFN-γ tuberculin	0.40 (0.0-1.6)	0 (0-2.0)	0.8 (0-1.6)	0 (0-0.37)	0.038*	0.260	0.009c	0.208	0.03d

^aValues represent medians and IQRs (25th and 75th percentiles) of cytokine production (nanograms per milliliter) and ratios between cytokine concentrations in PHA-stimulated samples. P values represent overall analysis of early- and late-stage Buruli ulcer patients and control participants and comparisons between groups.

^bOverall group (early stage versus late stage versus controls), P < 0.10 considered statistically significant.

^cAfter Bonferroni correction; P < 0.033 considered statistically significant.

^dMann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.