Table 1.

Multivariable analysis on determinants of modular organization ($Q_{rel}$) across groups of different species

Explanatory variable	Effect size	95% confidence intervals
Intercept	−0.42	−0.59 to −0.25
Network size	−0.07	−0.17 to 0.03
Network fragmentation*	0.66	0.51 to 0.82
Subgroup cohesion*	1.14	1.03 to 1.25
Subgroup cohesion variation	−0.03	−0.14 to 0.08
Subgroup size average	—	—
Subgroup size variation*	−0.13	−0.26 to −0.01
Individual degree average	—	—
Individual degree variation	0.07	0.04 to 0.18
Subgroup degree variation	0.01	−0.08 to 0.10
Random effects	Variance estimate (${\sigma }^{\mathrm{2}}$)
Taxonomic order	0.066
Sociality	$<$0.001

Asterisks and bold text indicate significance. Explanatory variables with VIF > 5 were dropped from the model, and therefore their effect sizes were not estimated.