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Flowchart showing the definition of the cohorts of war orphans and MNOs. Pupilles were by definition children who survived from birth to their being adopted by the Nation at some point in childhood (on average at ∼ age 5 y). Their probability of death before age 31 y is conditional on having being adopted (354/2721 = 13%) and therefore was expected to be lower than the unconditional probability of death before age 31 y measured in MNOs (1,977/5,671 = 34.9%).
