Table 2.
Regression coefficients for the associations between toxic metal concentrations and birth weight in males, females and non-smokers
| A. All data (n = 272) | B. Male (n = 130) | C. Female (n = 142) | D. Non-smokers (n = 233) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caharacteristic | Estimate (Std. Error) | P-value | Estimate (Std. Error) | P-value | Estimate (Std. Error) | P-value | Estimate (Std. Error) | P-value |
| (Intercept) | −4721.71 * (693.49) | <0.001 | −3782.55 (1161.8) | 0.002 | −4546.38 (1075.15) | <0.001 | −4251.48 (869.47) | <0.001 |
| Moderate Cd | −125.97 (160.05) | 0.432 | −264.59 (264.87) | 0.321 | −70.98 (247.9) | 0.775 | −111.12 (172.28) | 0.520 |
| High Cd | −382.74 (210.06) | 0.070 | −812.25 (346.1) | 0.021 | −201.44 (356.57) | 0.573 | −290.2 (264.06) | 0.273 |
| Moderate Pb | −68.42 (160.65) | 0.671 | −225.21 (359.43) | 0.533 | 35.51 (199.73) | 0.859 | −22.5 (173.71) | 0.897 |
| High Pb | −120.42 (200.95) | 0.550 | 11.01 (395.46) | 0.978 | −58.88 (262.59) | 0.823 | −191.24 (223.77) | 0.394 |
| Moderate As | −366.5 (175.2) | 0.038 | −870.69 (372.09) | 0.022 | −180.59 (218.97) | 0.412 | −464.29 (202.74) | 0.023 |
| High As | 72.82 (139.83) | 0.603 | −310.42 (242.22) | 0.204 | 199.52 (195.24) | 0.309 | 163.61 (161.11) | 0.311 |
| Moderate Cd:oderate Pb | 68.5 (164.92) | 0.678 | 3.27 (290.12) | 0.991 | 23.69 (254.14) | 0.926 | 95.5 (176.05) | 0.588 |
| High Cd:Moderate Pb | 129 (200.79) | 0.521 | 477.08 (428.43) | 0.269 | −63.06 (312.3) | 0.84 | −68.99 (277.85) | 0.804 |
| Moderate Cd:High Pb | 403.84 (226.22) | 0.076 | 65.54 (368.9) | 0.859 | 785.05 (363.23) | 0.033 | 322.81 (251.94) | 0.202 |
| High Cd:High Pb | 113.2 (220.94) | 0.609 | 47.79 (413.45) | 0.908 | 345.83 (357.83) | 0.336 | −68.44 (301.77) | 0.821 |
| Moderate NAN | 69.17 (171.44) | 0.687 | −272.91 (274.51) | 0.323 | 309.38 (332.21) | 0.354 | −24.77 (187.92) | 0.895 |
| High NAN | 133.53 (179.46) | 0.458 | 62.14 (319.67) | 0.846 | 48.16 (248.6) | 0.847 | 104.1 (192.18) | 0.589 |
| Moderate PAN | −106.41 (173.19) | 0.540 | −527.03 (279.37) | 0.063 | 154.08 (286.47) | 0.592 | −16.12 (188.07) | 0.932 |
| High PAN | −306.32 (196.91) | 0.121 | −736.08 (353.06) | 0.04 | −171.63 (276.41) | 0.536 | −271.49 (213.82) | 0.206 |
| Moderate Cd:Moderate NAN | −15.56 (187.42) | 0.934 | −83.86 (330.37) | 0.8 | −52.55 (276.51) | 0.85 | −19.69 (205.13) | 0.924 |
| High Cd: Moderate NAN | 103.44 (190.11) | 0.587 | 433.38 (344.66) | 0.212 | −114.8 (278.45) | 0.681 | 220.18 (219.16) | 0.316 |
| Moderate Cd:High NAN | 99.37 (213.17) | 0.642 | −197.68 (361.34) | 0.586 | 317.79 (318.09) | 0.320 | 42.21 (230.92) | 0.855 |
| High Cd:High NAN | 170.97 (226.96) | 0.452 | 316.61 (462.66) | 0.496 | 77.43 (309.97) | 0.803 | 190.84 (278.84) | 0.495 |
| Moderate Cd:Moderate PAN | 55.91 (194.67) | 0.774 | 307.21 (334.27) | 0.361 | 12.31 (270.51) | 0.964 | 63.2 (212.11) | 0.766 |
| High Cd:Moderate PAN | 361.59 (188.45) | 0.056 | 368.06 (366.16) | 0.318 | 458.2 (281.48) | 0.107 | 456.64 (233.05) | 0.052 |
| Moderate Cd:High PAN | 202.64 (230.04) | 0.379 | 894.08 (404.05) | 0.030 | −155.77 (322.56) | 0.630 | 263.34 (250.81) | 0.295 |
| High Cd:High PAN | 477.25 (229.66) | 0.039 | 711.43 (445.54) | 0.114 | 481.47 (334.96) | 0.154 | 449.77 (286.85) | 0.119 |
| Moderate Pb:Moderate NAN | −187.78 (187.41) | 0.317 | 170.59 (340.91) | 0.618 | −351.75 (296.46) | 0.238 | −224.7 (210.09) | 0.286 |
| High Pb:Moderate NAN | −153.04 (222.77) | 0.493 | −131.75 (396.94) | 0.741 | −542.56 (339.57) | 0.113 | −145.29 (255.15) | 0.570 |
| Moderate Pb:High NAN | −126.16 (204.89) | 0.539 | 118.2 (388.7) | 0.762 | −92.68 (292.05) | 0.752 | −125.5 (231.1) | 0.588 |
| High Pb:High NAN | 6.28 (235.71) | 0.979 | −194.48 (469.11) | 0.68 | −142.03 (353.1) | 0.688 | 3.89 (282.4) | 0.989 |
| Moderate Pb:Moderate PAN | 30.45 (179.31) | 0.865 | 43.46 (340.04) | 0.899 | −124.46 (281.42) | 0.659 | −43.8 (206) | 0.832 |
| High Pb:Moderate PAN | −109.95 (226.29) | 0.628 | 21.11 (404.4) | 0.958 | −210.73 (364.93) | 0.565 | −62.16 (267.16) | 0.816 |
| Moderate Pb:High PAN | 210.19 (199.96) | 0.294 | 200.26 (365.37) | 0.585 | 266.68 (278.08) | 0.340 | 210.73 (223.78) | 0.348 |
| High Pb:High PAN | −236.39 (263.92) | 0.371 | 11.09 (464.4) | 0.981 | −416.52 (406.03) | 0.308 | −68.75 (321.64) | 0.831 |
| Moderate As:Moderate NAN | 131.74 (201.75) | 0.514 | 284.7 (390.7) | 0.468 | 34.85 (275.87) | 0.900 | 313.29 (229.55) | 0.174 |
| High As:Moderate NAN | −272.79 (213.48) | 0.203 | −274.26 (368.65) | 0.459 | −199.63 (316.75) | 0.530 | −243.52 (263.43) | 0.356 |
| Median As:High NAN | 42.14 (236.38) | 0.859 | 215.27 (442.65) | 0.628 | 5.1 (326.28) | 0.988 | 202.7 (273.88) | 0.46 |
| High As:High NAN | −430.35 (210.5) | 0.042 | −548.28 (352.69) | 0.124 | −163.32 (326.11) | 0.618 | −464.49 (236.44) | 0.051 |
| Median As:Median PAN | 177.57 (180.43) | 0.326 | 683.69 (326.62) | 0.039 | 24.95 (251.2) | 0.921 | 162.32 (201.93) | 0.423 |
| High As:Median PAN | 81.74 (202.68) | 0.687 | 710.58 (315.78) | 0.027 | −394.93 (305.35) | 0.199 | 7.11 (244.53) | 0.977 |
| Median As:High PAN | 195.33 (218.9) | 0.373 | 294.86 (394.46) | 0.457 | 206.5 (318.7) | 0.519 | 119.09 (244.02) | 0.626 |
| High As:High PAN | 158.09 (231.82) | 0.496 | 435.1 (411.65) | 0.294 | −23.33 (326.51) | 0.943 | 63.95 (256.37) | 0.803 |
*: Coefficients that are statistically significant are shown in bold. Negative-association nutrient (NAN), obtained by the sum of the standardized values of Fe, Se, Ca and total folate. Positive-association nutrient (PAN), obtained by the sum of the standardized values of Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn. Models adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, cigarette smoking, educational attainment, gestational age at delivery and blood draw and sex