Table 3.

Accuracy achieved in studies employing computer-assisted navigation in endoscopic neurosurgery

Author & Year	Number of Patients	Procedure	Major Findings
Gunkel et al., 199725	11	.	1–2 mm accuracy
Matula et al., 199814	5	.	2 mm error but not separated from microscopic cases
Rohde et al., 199812	12	Third ventriculostomy, cystoventriculostomy, ventriculoatrial shunt, cystoperitoneal shunt, intracranial cysts	3.5 mm accuracy
Gumprecht et al., 200028	5	Ventriculostomy, arachnoid cyst removal, partial astrocytoma resection, colloid cyst removal	No problems with brain shift
Krombach et al., 200227	23	Hydrocephalus, intracranial cysts	No problems with brain shift
Burtscher et al., 200311	5	Third ventriculostomy and fenestration	No problems with brain shift
Bumm et al., 200526	10	Paranasal anterior sphenoid wall resection, frontal sinus ostium opening and enlargement, frontal and ethmoid sinus tissue biopsy	Similar accuracy to paranasal sinus surgery
Monin et al., 200524	1	Optic nerve sheath venous hemangioma resection	1.7 mm accuracy
Tsuda et al., 201121	9	Tumor biopsy	Trend toward higher accuracy of aim for the target
Choudhri et al., 20144	5	Odontoidectomy	1.2 mm mean error rate