Table 1. Studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author (year) |
Sample N | Male % | Age (year) |
Education (year) | Medications | BD state | Clinical rating instruments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lewandowski, 2016 [34] | BD-I 42 | 45 | 29.6±8.4 | 15.6±1.7 | Detailed information about medication was not obtained, chlorpromazine (CPZ) equivalents were calculated | Did not classify, MADRS: 10.3±8.3 YMRS: 5.6±4.9 |
YMRS, MADRS, PANSS, MASQ, SHPS, MCAS |
| HC 29 | 41 | 31.0±10.0 | 16.1±2.1 | ||||
| Sperry, 2015 [35] |
BD 56 | 42.86 | 30.5±8.16 | 14.9±2.0 | Detailed information about medication was not obtained, chlorpromazine (CPZ) equivalents were calculated | Did not classify, MADRS: 12.13±7.23 YMRS: 5.21±4.67 |
YMRS, MARDS, PANSS, MCAS |
| HC 57 | 40.35 | 25.67±6.42 | 15.1±2.1 | ||||
| Burdick, 2014 [36] |
BD-I 105 BD-II 31 |
50.0 | 40.8±10.6 | 14.1±2.0 | 45.7%Anticonvulsant, 74.1%Antipsychotic, 33.6%Antidepressant, 28.4%Lithium, |
Did not classify, HAMD: 11.1±8.5 CARS-M: 5.5±7.0 | HAMD, CARS-M, MSIF, SAS-Ⅱ |
| HC 148 | 56.1 | 41.6±15.1 | 14.9±1.9 | ||||
| Russo, 2014 [37] |
BD-I 49 BD-II 9 BD NOS 6 6 |
50.0 | 41.2±10.5 | Unknown | Unknown | 64 euthymic: HRSD<15, CARS-M<8 |
HRSD, CARS-M TEMPS-A |
| HC 109 | 53.2 | 37.9±11.6 | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| Van Rheenen, 2014 [38] |
BD I 38 BD II 12 |
32.0 | 34.00±14.27 | Unknown | Detailed information about medication was not obtained, dichotomous values indicated on or off antipsychotic agents/anticonvulsants, antidepressants, lithium or benzodiazepines were included in analyses | 17 euthymic: YMRS< = 8 MADRS< = 8 33 symptomatic |
YMRS, MADRS |
| HC 52 | 38.5 | 38.44±13.02 | Unknown |
||||
| Li, 2014 [39] |
BD-I 59 | 44.1 | 31.2±8.9 | 14.4±2.8 | 39.0% atypical antipsychotics, 20.3%lithium, 37.3% sodium valproate, 10.2% other emotional stabilizer, 49.2% antidepressants, 8.5% benzodiazepine | 29 euthymic, 30 symptomatic, According to DSM-IV |
HAMD, GAF |
| HC 27 | 44.4 | 29.5±4.1 | 13.7±2.6 | ||||
| Burdick, 2011 [14] |
BD-I 80 | 45 | 39.8±11.2 | Unknown | 50% anticonvulsant mood stabilizers; 80% antipsychotic medications; 33% lithium; 31% antidepressant | 37 euthymic: HDRS< = 8 CARS-M< = 8 43 symptomatic |
HRSD, CARS-M |
| HC 148 | 56.1 | 41.6±15.1 | Unknown |
PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, YMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale, MADRS: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MASQ: Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire, SHPS: Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale, MCAS: Multnomah Community Ability Scale, HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale, CARS-M: Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania, MSIF: Multidimensional Scale of Independent Functioning, SAS-II: Social Adjustment Scale-II, HRSD: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, TEMPS-A: Temperamental Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire