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Forest plots for the level (μg/L) of serum TGF-β1 between T2DN patients and controls with random-effects model. Microalbuminuria (SMD 4.45, 95% CI 2.87–6.04, P < .001), macroalbuminuria (SMD 5.00, 95% CI 3.31–6.69, P < .001), overall (SMD 4.70, 95% CI 3.55–5.85, P < .001). CI = confidence interval, SMD = standard mean difference, T2DN = type 2 diabetic nephropathy, TGF-β1 = transforming growth factor beta 1.
