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Forest plots for the level (ng/L) of urinary TGF-β1 between T2DN patients and controls with random-effects model. Microalbuminuria (SMD 2.94, 95% CI 1.52–4.36, P < .001), macroalbuminuria (SMD 5.83, 95% CI 3.86–7.80, P < .001), overall (SMD 4.50, 95% CI 3.16–5.83, P < .001). CI = confidence interval, SMD = standard mean difference, T2DN = type 2 diabetic nephropathy, TGF-β1 = transforming growth factor beta 1.
