Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics and Experimental Balance by Study, Overall and for Potentially Threatened Students (Black/Hispanic)
| Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Variable |
Mean | C Mean |
T Mean |
Std Diff. (C-T) |
p | Mean | C Mean |
T Mean |
Std Diff. (C-T) |
p |
| All Students | [939] | [465] | [474] | [1170] | [580] | [590] | ||||
| Female | 0.502 | 0.520 | 0.483 | 0.075 | 0.253 | 0.499 | 0.498 | 0.500 | −0.003 | 0.953 |
| Potentially Threatened | 0.353 | 0.357 | 0.348 | 0.019 | 0.776 | 0.384 | 0.367 | 0.400 | −0.067 | 0.250 |
| American Indian | 0.039 | 0.047 | 0.032 | 0.080 | 0.218 | 0.032 | 0.028 | 0.036 | −0.046 | 0.434 |
| Asian | 0.106 | 0.092 | 0.120 | −0.090 | 0.168 | 0.142 | 0.147 | 0.137 | 0.027 | 0.650 |
| Black | 0.183 | 0.163 | 0.203 | −0.101 | 0.122 | 0.230 | 0.209 | 0.251 | −0.100 | 0.086 |
| White | 0.757 | 0.768 | 0.747 | 0.049 | 0.456 | 0.702 | 0.712 | 0.692 | 0.045 | 0.443 |
| Limited English Proficiency | 0.144 | 0.159 | 0.129 | 0.087 | 0.184 | 0.170 | 0.167 | 0.173 | −0.015 | 0.798 |
| Free/Reduced Lunch | 0.411 | 0.413 | 0.409 | 0.007 | 0.910 | 0.463 | 0.459 | 0.468 | −0.018 | 0.753 |
| Grade 6 GPA | 3.27 (0.64) |
3.28 (0.65) |
3.27 (0.63) |
0.009 | 0.896 | 3.19 (0.67) |
3.21 (0.68) |
3.18 (0.67) |
0.042 | 0.477 |
| Grade 6 WKCE Math | 525.3 (57.5) |
522.2 (57.8) |
528.4 (57.1) |
−0.108 | 0.098 | 516.8 (51.7) |
515.0 (51.1) |
518.6 (52.3) |
−0.071 | 0.227 |
| Grade 6 WKCE Reading | 510.8 (56.4) |
508.0 (56.7) |
513.6 (56.0) |
−0.100 | 0.127 | 504.8 (57.1) |
505.0 (57.4) |
504.5 (56.9) |
0.009 | 0.872 |
| Black/Hispanic Students | [331] | [166] | [165] | [449] | [213] | [236] | ||||
| Female | 0.489 | 0.512 | 0.467 | 0.091 | 0.410 | 0.566 | 0.568 | 0.564 | 0.009 | 0.923 |
| Potentially Threatened | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| American Indian | 0.112 | 0.133 | 0.091 | 0.132 | 0.231 | 0.082 | 0.075 | 0.089 | −0.050 | 0.595 |
| Asian | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.012 | −0.064 | 0.560 | 0.020 | 0.028 | 0.013 | 0.110 | 0.244 |
| Black | 0.520 | 0.458 | 0.582 | −0.248 | 0.024 | 0.599 | 0.568 | 0.627 | −0.120 | 0.203 |
| White | 0.568 | 0.584 | 0.552 | 0.066 | 0.548 | 0.519 | 0.521 | 0.517 | 0.008 | 0.930 |
| Limited English Proficiency | 0.293 | 0.343 | 0.242 | 0.221 | 0.044 | 0.294 | 0.300 | 0.288 | 0.027 | 0.775 |
| Free/Reduced Lunch | 0.801 | 0.819 | 0.782 | 0.094 | 0.395 | 0.851 | 0.864 | 0.839 | 0.070 | 0.461 |
| Grade 6 GPA | 2.85 (0.65) |
2.83 (2.83) |
2.87 (0.61) |
−0.061 | 0.583 | 2.78 (0.65) |
2.75 (0.63) |
2.80 (0.66) |
−0.076 | 0.420 |
| Grade 6 WKCE Math | 491.3 (53.1) |
488.9 (55.2) |
493.8 (51.1) |
−0.092 | 0.406 | 486.1 (44.7) |
482.6 (44.7) |
489.3 (44.6) |
−0.149 | 0.114 |
| Grade 6 WKCE Reading | 477.9 (53.3) |
475.9 (51.9) |
480.0 (54.8) |
−0.076 | 0.490 | 471.9 (52.1) |
471.3 (52.5) |
472.4 (51.9) |
−0.021 | 0.823 |
T = Treatment, C = Control, Std Diff. = Treatment-control in standardized units, p = p-value for test of the null hypothesis that the difference (C-T) is equal to zero.
Standard deviations in parentheses; sample sizes in brackets
Notes: Racial/ethnic indicators are not mutually exclusive and do not sum to 1 across groups. This table includes multiracial and White Hispanic students with potentially threatened students, as in our main specifications.