Table 2.

Autoantibodies in human epilepsy and animal models.

Specific antibody		Human epilepsies in which the specific antibody is found	In vitro	In vivo induction of epilepsy
Antibodies to proteins associated with voltage-gated potassium channels	Anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) Anti-contactin-associated protein 2 Anti-contactin-2	Limbic encephalitis (24, 27, 40, 132) Epileptic encephalopathy (12, 26, 46) Focal epilepsy (133) Human autosomal-dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (32, 36, 37)	Acute neuronal cell death and loss (may be caused by complementary-mediated mechanisms) (29)	Yes, in rats with heterozygous LGI1 mutation (51)
Antibodies to ion channels and receptors	Anti-NMDA receptor	Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (80, 88)	A selective and reversible internalization of surface receptors in cultured neurons (80)	Yes, in mice infused with continuous patients’ cerebrospinal fluid (80)
	Anti-AMPA receptor	Anti-AMPAR encephalitis (102, 103)	Degradation of surface AMPAR clusters (47, 103)	\
	Anti-GABAA receptors	Encephalitis (106–108)	Selective reduction of synaptic GABAA receptors (may also be in the way of crosslinking and internalization) (109)	\