Table 1.
Demographic Characteristic and concentration of inflammation, endothelial activation and oxidative stress biomarkers in FH, RUC and NC groups
| Parameters | FH (n = 131) | RUC (n = 68) | NC (n = 214) | p-value (FH vs. NC) | p-value (FH vs. RUC) | p-value (RUC vs. NC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aAge (years) | 45.1 ± 1.21 | 29.8 ± 3.00 | 43.6 ± 0.81 | NS | *** | *** |
| bGender (% Female/Male) | 55.7/44.3 | 60.3/39.7 | 58.4/41.6 | NS | NS | NS |
| bEthnicity (% Malay/Chinese/Indian) | 76.3/22.1/1.5 | 60.3/39.7/0.0 | 82.2/15.4/2.3 | NS | * | *** |
| bCurrent smoker (%) | 13.0 | 1.5 | 19.2 | NS | NS | NS |
| aBMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 0.44 | 25.8 ± 2.18 | 25.3 ± 0.33 | NS | NS | NS |
| aSystolic BP (mmHg) | 133 ± 1.99 | 120 ± 4.00 | 124 ± 1.31 | *** | NS | NS |
| aDiastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.6 ± 1.03 | 77.4 ± 2.56 | 77.3 ± 0.91 | NS | NS | NS |
| aTC(mmol/L) | 8.43 ± 0.18 | 5.16 ± 0.40 | 5.44 ± 0,06 | *** | *** | NS |
| aTG (mmol/L) | 1.94 ± 0.15 | 1.12 ± 0.20 | 1.53 ± 0.06 | * | NS | NS |
| aHDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.28 ± 0.03 | 1.45 ± 0.26 | 1.47 ± 0.26 | *** | NS | NS |
| aLDL-c (mmol/L) | 6.26 ± 0.19 | 3.21 ± 0.33 | 3.29 ± 0.05 | *** | *** | NS |
| Biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial activation and oxidative stress | ||||||
| ahsCRP (mg/L) | 1.53 ± 1.24 | 2.54 ± 2.30 | 1.10 ± 0.89 | * | *** | *** |
| asICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 947 ± 742 | 945 ± 379 | 655 ± 191 | *** | NS | ** |
| aE-selectin (ng/mL) | 175 ± 131 | 7.89 ± 4.05 | 21.6 ± 10.7 | *** | *** | NS |
| aox-LDL (mU/L) | 48.2 ± 26.8 | 25.2 ± 20.6 | 27.3 ± 13.2 | *** | *** | NS |
| aMDA (nmol/mL) | 2.57 ± 1.30 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 1.20 ± 0.30 | *** | *** | *** |
| aF2- Isoprostanes (pg/L) | 645 ± 396 | NA | 398 ± 20.5 | *** | - | - |
FH familial hypercholesterolaemia, RUC related unaffected controls, NC normolipaemic subjects BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, sICAM-1 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, MDA Malondialdehyde
Data were expressed as amean ± SD, or bpercentage. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, NS: not significant