Table 4.
Multivariable Associations of Predisposing, Enabling, and Need Variables Stratified by Use of Eye Care in the Chinese American Eye Study
| ≥ 1 eye care visits in the past 12 months
|
Ever had a dilated eye exam
|
≥ 1 dilated eye exams in the past 12 months
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)a | P | OR (95% CI)a | P | OR (95% CI)a | P | ||
| Predisposing Demographic Variables | |||||||
| Age (yrs.) | |||||||
| 50–54 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| 55–64 | 1.42 (1.18–1.71) | <.001 | 1.59 (1.33–1.95) | <.001 | 1.73 (1.33–2.24) | <.001 | |
| 65–74 | 2.84 (2.24–3.59) | <.001 | 2.85 (2.25–3.60) | <.001 | 3.30 (2.45–4.43) | <.001 | |
| 75+ | 3.33 (2.48–4.47) | <.001 | 5.24 (3.83–7.16) | <.001 | 3.67 (2.59–5.21) | <.001 | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| Female | 1.64 (1.41–1.90) | <.001 | 1.44 (1.25–1.66) | <.001 | 1.28 (1.07–1.52) | .006 | |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Never Married | 1.00 | – | – | – | 1.00 | – | |
| Married/Living with Partner | 1.76 (1.27–2.43) | <.001 | – | – | 1.60 (1.06–2.42) | .027 | |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.79 (1.26–2.55) | .001 | – | – | 1.66 (1.07–2.58) | .024 | |
| Predisposing Social Variables | |||||||
| Acculturation | |||||||
| High | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | – | |
| Low | – | – | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | .062 | – | – | |
| Generational Status | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Number of years living in the US | |||||||
| >10 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 6–10 years | 0.67 (0.54–0.84) | <.001 | 0.57 (0.41–0.78) | <.001 | |||
| ≤5 years | 0.74 (0.58–0.95) | .017 | 0.67 (0.48–0.95) | .024 | |||
| Language preferred | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Only Asian | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| Mostly Asian, Some English | 1.02 (0.87–1.21) | .77 | 1.15 (0.96–1.37) | .13 | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | .99 | |
| Asian and English Equally | 1.22 (0.95–1.58) | .12 | 1.21 (0.92–1.59) | .18 | 1.37 (1.03–1.82) | .031 | |
| Mostly or Only English | 2.11 (1.38–3.21) | <.001 | 3.19 (1.89–5.38) | <.001 | 1.93 (1.26–2.97) | .003 | |
| Level of Education (years) | |||||||
| 1–5 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| 7–11 | 1.33 (0.94–1.89) | .11 | 1.36 (0.96–1.93) | .81 | 1.51 (1.00–2.29) | .050 | |
| 12 | 1.32 (0.93–1.88) | .12 | 1.58 (1.11–2.25) | .012 | 1.52 (1.00–2.31) | .050 | |
| > 12 | 2.00 (1.41–2.84) | <.001 | 2.45 (1.72–3.50) | <.001 | 1.75 (1.16–2.65) | .008 | |
| Enabling Variables | |||||||
| Annual Household Income | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Insurance Status | |||||||
| Not Insured | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| Medical Only | 1.32 (1.10–1.59) | .003 | 1.43 (1.20–1.70) | <.001 | 1.34 (1.06–1.69) | .014 | |
| Medical + Vision | 1.99 (1.55–2.56) | <.001 | 2.25 (1.73–2.92) | <.001 | 2.25 (1.69–3.00) | <.001 | |
| Usual Place of Care | |||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| Yes | 1.89 (1.58–2.27) | <.001 | 1.63 (1.37–1.93) | <.001 | 1.97 (1.54–2.52) | <.001 | |
| Usual Provider | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Currently Driving | |||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| Yes | 1.50 (1.25–1.80) | <.001 | 1.33 (1.11–1.61) | 0.003 | 1.42 (1.13–1.77) | .002 | |
| Evaluated Need Variables | |||||||
| Binocular Distance Vision | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Binocular Near Vision | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Self-reported Need Variables | |||||||
| Comorbidity Score | |||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |
| 1–2 | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | .005 | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | .023 | 1.51 (1.23–1.86) | <.001 | |
| 3+ | 1.82 (1.45–2.27) | <.001 | 1.96 (1.57–2.45) | <.001 | 2.52 (1.95–3.25) | <.001 | |
| SF-12 PHC | 1.039 (0.996–1.084) | .077 | – | – | – | – | |
| SF-12 MHC | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| NEI VFQ-25 Composite Score b | 0.917 (0.890–0.944) | <.001 | 0.920 (0.893–0.949) | <.001 | 0.912 (0.885–0.940) | <.001 | |
Abbreviation: CI=confidence interval; NEI VFQ-25=the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25; OR=odds ratio; SF-12 PHC=Short Form-12 Physical Health Composite; SF-12 MHC =Short Form-12 Mental Health.
a
Estimated from multivariate logistic regression.
b
ORs associated with a 5 point difference.