Table 2.

Mean absolute difference (95% CI) in levels of proximal biomarkers of CVD injury by smoking intensity, measured as cigarettes per day or urinary cotinine levels.

	Cigarettes per day						Urinary Cotinine‡
	Unadjusted	p-value	Model 1	p-value	Model 2	p-value	Unadjusted	p-value	Model 1**	p-value	Model 2**	p-value
Inflammation
hsCRP‡	0.012 (0.004,0.020)	0.002	0.017 (0.009,0.025)	<0.001	0.013 (0.005,0.021)	0.002	0.10 (0.04,0.16)	0.002	0.09 (0.03,0.16)	0.003	0.12(0.06,0.18)	<0.001
IL-6‡	0.012(0.008,0.168)	<0.001	0.014(0.009,0.018)	<0.001	0.011(0.006,0.015)	<0.001	0.037(0.002,0.073)	0.04	0.03(−0.01,0.07)	0.11	0.04(0.01,0.08)	0.01
IL-2, pg/mL	4.1(−0.4,8.5)	0.07	3.2(−1.4,7.8)	0.17	2.1(−2.6,6.7)	0.38	28.6(−2.8,60.1)	0.07	30.9(−0.5,62.3)	0.054	28.6(−3.4,60.6)	0.08
TNF-α, pg/mL	4.0(−0.9,8.9)	0.11	2.9(−2.0,7.9)	0.25	2.2(−2.6,7.0)	0.37	25.9(−9.4,61.2)	0.15	23.3(−8.0,54.7)	0.14	24.1(−5.9,54.0)	0.12
Thrombosis
Fibrinogen, mg/dL	0.58 (0.05,1.10)	0.03	0.96 (0.42,1.50)	<0.001	0.60 (0.05,1.14)	0.032	5.8(1.8,9.8)	0.005	5.1(1.1,9.1)	0.01	5.3 (1.2,9.3)	0.01
D-dimert‡	0.005(−0.001,0.012)	0.12	0.0062 (−0.0003,0.0128)	0.06	0.004(−0.003,0.011)	0.22	0.06 (0.01,0.11)	0.02	0.03(−0.02,0.08)	0.21	0.03(−0.02,0.08)	0.28
Homocysteine/μmol/L	0.04 (0.01,0.06)	0.003	0.022 (−0.004,0.049)	0.10	0.02(−0.01,0.05)	0.215	0.04(−0.13,0.22)	0.62	0.02(−0.14,0.18)	0.82	0.02(−0.14,0.19)	0.78
Endothelial injury
Urinary albumin: Cr‡	0.004 (−0.003,0.012)	0.30	0.010(0.002,0.018)	0.02	0.005(−0.003,0.013)	0.20	0.02(−0.04,0.08)	0.49	0.03 (−0.03,0.09)	0.38	0.04(−0.02,0.10)	0.18
Vascular function
Aortic distensibility, mm/Hg × 10−3	−0.002(−0.012,0.008)	0.64	−0.004 (−0.014,0.006)	0.44	−0.001 (−0.011,0.009)	0.78	−0.14(−0.25,−0.02)	0.02	−0.112 (−0.221,−0.003)	0.04	−0.13(−0.25,−0.02)	0.02
Carotid distensibility coefficient, mm/Hg × 10−3	−0.002(−0.010,0.006)	0.65	−0.008 (−0.016,0.001)	0.04	−0.003 (−0.010,0.004)	0.41	0.03(−0.03,0.10)	0.29	0.05 (−0.01,0.11)	0.099	0.02(−0.03,0.08)	0.41
Flow mediated dilation, % ×10−3	−5.8(−34.0,22.4)	0.69	8.4(−21.3,38.2)	0.58	9.0(−21.4,39.5)	0.56	−27.9(−196.0,140.2)	0.74	69.9 (−101.9,241.8)	0.42	67.3(−111.5,246.1)	0.46
Subclinical myocardial injury
Troponin T‡*	−0.0003 (−0.0011−0.00005)	0.43	−0.0004 (−0.0012,0.0004)	0.29	−0.0003 (−0.0012,0.0005)	0.40	−0.0006 (−0.0059,0.0047)	0.83	−0.001 (−0.006,0.005)	0.75	−0.002 (−0.007,0.004)	0.59

Beta coefficients are interpreted as the mean absolute change in levels of proximal biomarkers of CVD injury per 1 cigarette/day or 1 unit of In-transformed cotinine.

^‡Variables are log-transformed

Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, race, education.

Model 2 is adjusted for Model 1 plus body mass index, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive medication use, statin use, diabetes mellitus, heart rate, physical activity, alcohol use, duration of smoking.

^*Model 2 further adjusted for eGFR.

^**Models 1 and 2 further adjusted for eGFR in all cotinine analyses.

Bolded items are significant.