Table 3.
Beneficial effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on seed germination and plant growth.
| Plant species | Application method | Beneficial effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allium cepa L. (Onion) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) | Promoted seed germination | Haghighi and Teixeira da Silva, 2014 |
| Allium cepa L. | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg mL−1) | Increased seedling root growth | Andersen et al., 2016 |
| Alyssum homolocarpum Fisch. Et Mey. (Qudume shirazi) | Seeds soaked with nanoparticle solutions (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg.L−1) | Enhanced seed germination | Hatami et al., 2014 |
| Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Mouseear cress) | Seeds were immersed in 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg.L−1 nanoparticle solutions | Enhanced root growth | Szymanska et al., 2016 |
| Avena sativa L. (Oats) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg mL−1) | Promoted seed germination and seedling root growth | Andersen et al., 2016 |
| Brassica napus L. (Canola) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 10, 100, 1,000, 1,200, 1,500, 1,700, and 2,000 mg L−1) | Promoted seed germination and seedling growth | Mahmoodzadeh et al., 2013 |
| Brassica oleracea L. (Cabbage) | Seeds soaked with nanoparticle solutions (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg L−1) | Promoted seed germination and root growth | Andersen et al., 2016 |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A. Dang (Green algae) | Alga treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg L−1) | Reduced Cd toxicity | Yang et al., 2012 |
| Cicer arietinum L. (Chickpea) | Foliar spray of nanoparticle (0, 2, 5, and 10 mg L−1) | Increased cold tolerance | Mohammadi et al., 2013 |
| Cicer arietinum L. | Foliar spray of nanoparticle (0, 2, 5, and 10 mg L−1) | Increased cold tolerance | Mohammadi et al., 2014 |
| Cucumis sativus L. (Cucumber) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0–4,000 mg L−1) | Increased root length | Servin et al., 2012 |
| Cucumis sativus L. | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg mL−1) | Promoted seed germination and seedling root growth | Andersen et al., 2016 |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 5, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg L−1) | Enhanced seed germination and seedling growth | Feizi et al., 2013 |
| Glycine max Merr. (Soybean) | Foliar spray of nanoparticle (0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05%) | Increased crop seed yield and oil content | Rezaei et al., 2015 |
| Glycine max Merr. | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg mL−1) | Promoted seed germination | Andersen et al., 2016 |
| Glycine max Merr. | Soil application of nanoparticle solutions (0–300 mg kg−1) | Increased Cd uptake and minimized Cd stress | Singh and Lee, 2016 |
| Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley) | Nanoparticle added to MS medium (0, 10, 30, and 60 mg.L−1) | Increased callugenesis and the size of calli. | Mandeh et al., 2012 |
| Hordem Vulgare L. | Foliar spray of nanoparticle (0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03%) | Increased crop yield | Moaveni et al., 2011 |
| Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) | Nanoparticle solutions (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg kg−1) applied to a sandy loam soil | Increased P uptake and plant growth | Hanif et al., 2015 |
| Lactuca sativa L. | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solution (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg mL−1) | Promoted seedling root growth | Andersen et al., 2016 |
| Linum usitatissimum L. (Flax) | Foliar spray of nanoparticle solutions (0, 10, 100, and 500 mg L−1) | Increased drought tolerance | Aghdam et al., 2016 |
| Medicago Scutellata L. (Snail medic) | Foliar spray of nanoparticle (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06% g L−1) | Increased crop yield | Dolatabadi et al., 2015 |
| Mentha × piperita L. (Peppermint) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L−1) | Increased root length | Samadi et al., 2014 |
| Nigella sativa L. (Black cumin) | Seeds soaked with nanoparticle solution (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg.L−1) | Promoted seed germination | Hatami et al., 2014 |
| Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil) | Foliar spray of nanoparticle solution (0, 0.01, and 0.03%) | Increased tolerance of drought stress | Kiapour et al., 2015 |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss (Parsley) | Nanoparticle added to MS medium (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg mL−1) | Promoted seed germination and seedling growth | Dehkourdi and Mosavi, 2013 |
| Raphanus sativus L. (Radish) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) | Promoted seed germination | Haghighi and Teixeira da Silva, 2014 |
| Salvia mirzayanii Rech. F.& Esfand. (Salvia) | Seeds soaked with nanoparticle solutions (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg.L−1) | Increased seed germination | Hatami et al., 2014 |
| Sinapis alba L. (White mustard) | Seeds soaked with nanoparticle solutions (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg L−1) | Enhanced seed germination | Hatami et al., 2014 |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato) | Soil or foliar application of nanoparticle solutions (0–1,000 mg kg−1) | Improved plant growth | Raliya et al., 2015b |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | Nanoscale TiO2 doped applied with zinc (500–800 mg kg−1) | Reduced disease | Paret et al., 2013 |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | Foliar spray of nanoparticle solutions (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g L−1) | Improved photosynthesis under mild heat stress | Qi et al., 2013 |
| Solanum lycopersicum L. | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) | Promoted seed germination | Haghighi and Teixeira da Silva, 2014 |
| Spinacia oleracea L. (Spinach) | Seeds soaked with a 0.25% nanoparticle solution, plants sprayed with a 0.25% nanoparticle solution | Enhanced the expression of Rubisco mRNA and activity of Rubisco | Xuming et al., 2008 |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | Seeds soaked with a 0.25% nanoparticle solution, and plants sprayed with the same solution | Enhanced photosynthesis and improved plant growth | Lei et al., 2007 |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | Seeds soaked with a 0.25% nanoparticle solution, and plants sprayed with the same solution | Decreased oxidative stress to chloroplast caused by UV-B radiation | Lei et al., 2008 |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | Seeds soaked with a 0.03% nanoparticle solution, and plants sprayed with the same solution | Increased activity of Rubisco activase | Gao et al., 2008 |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | Seeds soaked with a 0.25% nanoparticle solution | Promoted seed germination and seedling growth | Zheng et al., 2005 |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | Seeds soaked with a 0.25% nanoparticle solution, and plants sprayed with the same solution | Ti bound to the PS α reaction center complex and intensify the function of the PS α electron donor | Hong et al., 2005a |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | Seeds soaked with 0–0.6% nanoparticle solutions | Enhanced photosynthesis | Hong et al., 2005b |
| Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat) | Seeds soaked with nanoparticle solutions (0, 1, 2, 10, 100, and 500 mg L−1) | Promoted seed germination and seedling growth | Feizi et al., 2012 |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Foliar spray of nanoparticle solutions (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03%) | Increased crop yield under drought stress | Jaberzadeh et al., 2013 |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Seeds soaked with 0–1,200 mg L−1 nanoparticle solutions | Promoted seed germination | Mahmoodzadeh and Aghili, 2014 |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Soil application of nanoparticle (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg kg−1) | Improved plant growth | Rafique et al., 2015 |
| Triticum aestivum L. | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0–1,000 mg L−1) | Promoted seedling growth | Gogos et al., 2016 |
| Trifolium pratense L. (Red clover) | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0–1,000 mg L−1) | Promoted seedling growth | Gogos et al., 2016 |
| Vigna radiata L. (Mung bean) | Foliar spray of a nanoparticle at 10 mg L−1 | Improved crop growth | Raliya et al., 2015a |
| Zea mays L. (Maize) | Foliar spray of nanoparticle solutions (0, 0.01, and 0.03%) | Increased crop yield | Morteza et al., 2013 |
| Zea mays L. | Foliar spray of nanoparticle solutions (0, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03%) | Increased crop yield | Moaveni and Kheiri, 2011 |
| Zea mays L. | Seeds treated with nanoparticle solutions (0, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg mL−1) | Promoted root growth of germinated seedling | Andersen et al., 2016 |