Table 2.
Summary of meta-analyses for incidence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility
| Subgroup | Number of studies | Total cases | Estimate [95% CI] | I2 [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence (cases per 100,000 person-years) | ||||
| Meningitis | 4 | 269,685 | 24.7 [11.9,51.6] | 90.9 [79.7,95.9] |
| IPD | 10 | 316,823 | 62.6 [16.9,226.5] | 99.7 [99.6,99.7] |
| Culture | 7 | 50,645 | 30.1 [3.1,289.8]a | – |
| Molecular diagnostics | 3 | 266,178 | 86.7 [22.6,332.9]a | – |
|
| ||||
| Serotype distribution (prevalence) | ||||
| PCV10 (percent in vaccineb) | ||||
| Meningitis | 6 | 196 | 62 [50,74] | 40.1 [0.0,76.3] |
| IPD | 17 | 14,145 | 67 [55, 76]c | 98.6 [98.3,98.8] |
| Pneumonia/Noninvasive | 4 | 333 | 88 [43,100] | 94.6 [89.2,97.3] |
| PCV13 (percent in vaccined) | ||||
| Meningitis | 6 | 196 | 72 [59, 85] | 61.9 [7,84.4] |
| IPD | 17 | 14,145 | 81 [66,90] | 99.1 [98.9,99.2] |
| Pneumonia/Noninvasive | 4 | 333 | 99 [71,100] | 91.5 [81.5,96.1] |
| Serotypes 1 and 5 (proportion) | ||||
| Meningitis | 6 | 196 | 13 [5,24] | 57.5 [0.0,82.8] |
| IPD | 16 | 14,145 | 10 [6,16] | 82.3 [72.4,88.7] |
| Pneumonia/Noninvasive | 4 | 333 | 6 [0,71] | 95.3 [90.8,97.6] |
|
| ||||
| Antimicrobial susceptibility (prevalence of susceptibility) | ||||
| Penicillin | 21 | 11,486 | 78 [62,89] | 99.5 [99.5,99.6] |
| Ampicillin/Amoxicillin | 11 | 757 | 95 [80,99] | 95 [92.7,96.6] |
| Cefotaxime/C eftriaxone | 14 | 3,365 | 98 [95,100] | 0 [0.0,0.0] |
| Chloramphenicole | 12 | 1,058 | 91 [81, 96] | 90.8 [85.8,94] |
| Azithromycin/Erythromycin | 7 | 480 | 94 [79,100] | 87.5 [76.5,93.3] |
| Trimethroprim-Sulfamethoxazole | 10 | 797 | 32 [10, 62] | 97.3 [96.3,98.1] |
| Tetracycline | 5 | 403 | 51 [36,65]c | 82 [58.5,92.2] |
CI, confidence interval; I2 measure of consistency of effects across studies in meta-analysis; IPD, invasive pneumococcal disease; PCV10, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PCV13, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
The Wald CI was used since profile likelihoods are not well agreed upon for calculating CI involving covariates for this model.
PCV10 serotypes include 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F.
Bootstrapping was used to calculate the CI instead of the profile likelihood method due to convergence issues.
PCV13 serotypes include 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F.
Overall convergence issues for the model, so an alternate method of estimation was automatically employed by the function.