Table 1.
Descriptive statistics and hierarchical analyses results for administrative variables and expected time to RTW predicting work-disability duration (N = 15,277)
| Predictors | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Model 1: Administrative variables | Model 2: Administrative variables + Expected time to RTW | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | Coef (S.E.) | 95 % CI | ||||||
| β | Coef (S.E.) | 95 % CI | ||||||
| Expected time to RTW | 33.4 (42.8) | 21 (7–42) | .346*** | .610 (.013) | .583:.636 | |||
| Age | 42.6 (13.1) | 43 (32–53) | .053*** | .009 (.001) | .006:.011 | .039*** | .006 (.001) | .004:.009 |
| Tenure | 5.8 (7.0) | 2.6 (.6–8.4) | −.005 | −.006 (.010) | −.025:.013 | −.010 | −.012 (.009) | −.030:.005 |
| Pain | 5.4 (2.3) | 5 (4–7) | .158*** | .142 (.007) | .129:.156 | .112*** | .101 (.006) | .089:.114 |
| Days from report to expectation estimate | 9.7 (7.0) | 9 (4–13) | −.026*** | −.008 (.002) | −.012:−.003 | −.057*** | −.017 (.002) | −.021:−.013 |
| f (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Femalea | 4924 (32.2 %) | .002 | .010 (.035) | −.059:.079 | .012 | .052 (.033) | −.013:.117 | |
| Comorbidity (yes)b | 3310 (21.7 %) | .017* | .088 (.040) | .010:.165 | .017* | .085 (.037) | .012:.157 | |
| Prior injury related to claim (yes)c | 1694 (11.1 %) | .023** | .151 (.050) | .052:.250 | .021** | .143 (.047) | .050:.236 | |
| Prior injury unrelated to claim (yes)c | 2781 (18.2 %) | .011 | .059 (.041) | −.021:.138 | .011 | .058 (.038) | −.017:.133 | |
| Surgery (yes) | 2877 (18.8 %) | .291*** | 1.560 (.043) | 1.476:1.643 | .243*** | 1.303 (.040) | 1.224:1.382 | |
| Industry | ||||||||
| Servicesd | 4463 (29.2 %) | |||||||
| Agriculture, forestry & fishing | 110 (.7 %) | .001 | .028 (.183) | −.331:.387 | .000 | .001 (.172) | −.336:.338 | |
| Mining | 269 (1.8 %) | .033*** | .525 (.125) | .281:.770 | .022** | .347 (.117) | .117:.576 | |
| Construction | 758 (5.0 %) | .042*** | .403 (.076) | .253:.552 | .025*** | .237 (.072) | .097:.377 | |
| Manufacturing | 1971 (12.9 %) | .013 | .083 (.053) | −.021:.187 | .010 | .062 (.050) | −.036:.159 | |
| Wholesale trade | 3123 (20.4 %) | .058*** | .302 (.047) | .210:.394 | .020* | .102 (.044) | .015:.188 | |
| Retail trade | 980 (6.4 %) | .018* | .150 (.067) | .018:.282 | .013 | .110 (.063) | −.014:.234 | |
| Finance, insurance and real estate | 2920 (19.1 %) | −.005 | −.029 (.045) | −.118:.060 | .006 | .034 (.043) | −.049:.118 | |
| Public administration | 606 (4.0 %) | −.005 | −.057 (.082) | −.217:.104 | −.001 | −.011 (.077) | −.161:.140 | |
| Transport, communication, & electric | 77 (.5 %) | .000 | −.005 (.232) | −.459:.449 | .005 | .145 (.217) | −.281:.571 | |
| Diagnosis | ||||||||
| Sprains and strains of joints/adjacent musclese | 6030 (39.5 %) | |||||||
| Diseases of the digestive system | 634 (4.2 %) | −.017* | −.184 (.082) | −.345:−.022 | −.038*** | −.401 (.077) | −.553:−.250 | |
| Diseases of the nervous system | 169 (1.1 %) | .033*** | .658 (.148) | .368:.947 | .017* | .348 (.139) | .077:.620 | |
| Contusion or crushing injury | 997 (6.5 %) | −.040*** | −.338 (.065) | −.465:−.212 | −.024*** | −.201 (.061) | −.320:−.082 | |
| Dislocation | 518 (3.4 %) | .025*** | .293 (.089) | .119:.466 | .005 | .061 (.083) | −.103:.224 | |
| Fracture of lower limb | 1417 (9.3 %) | .081*** | .586 (.056) | .475:.697 | .016* | .117 (.054) | .011:.222 | |
| Fracture of skull, spine or truck | 265 (1.7 %) | .017* | .280 (.119) | .047:.513 | −.001 | −.011 (.112) | −.230:.208 | |
| Fracture of upper limb | 1218 (8.0 %) | .038*** | .294 (.060) | .176:.412 | −.006 | −.046 (.057) | −.157:.065 | |
| Open wound | 936 (6.1 %) | −.036*** | −.316 (.068) | −.448:−.183 | −.031*** | −.270 (.063) | −.394:−.145 | |
| Other injury and poisoning | 673 (4.4 %) | −.009 | −.097 (.077) | −.248:.054 | −.008 | −.082 (.072) | −.224:.060 | |
| Arthropathies and related disorders | 417 (2.7 %) | .033*** | .422 (.096) | .233:.611 | .024*** | .309 (.090) | .132:.486 | |
| Dorsopathies, osteopathies, and related disorders | 868 (5.7 %) | .070*** | .631 (.069) | .496:.767 | .059*** | .538 (.065) | .410:.665 | |
| Rheumatism (excluding back) | 863 (5.7 %) | .059*** | .538 (.070) | .400:.676 | .026*** | .238 (.066) | .108:.368 | |
| Other disease | 272 (1.8 %) | .006 | .101 (.117) | −.128:.330 | .006 | .099 (.110) | −.116:.314 | |
| State | ||||||||
| NYf | 1123 (7.4 %) | |||||||
| AK | 66 (.4 %) | .005 | .160 (.238) | −.307:.627 | .002 | .056 (.223) | −.382:.494 | |
| AL | 160 (1.1 %) | .014 | .295 (.159) | −.017:.607 | .003 | .056 (.149) | −.237:.349 | |
| AR | 103 (.7 %) | .002 | .061 (.194) | −.319:.441 | −.003 | −.083 (.182) | −.440:.274 | |
| AZ | 245 (1.6 %) | .010 | .174 (.133) | −.086:.434 | .012 | .199 (.125) | −.045:.443 | |
| CA | 1882 (12.3 %) | .065*** | .416 (.071) | .276:.555 | .049*** | .315 (.067) | .183:.446 | |
| CO | 188 (1.2 %) | .016* | .298 (.149) | .006:.590 | .007 | .134 (.140) | −.140:.408 | |
| CT | 208 (1.4 %) | −.008 | −.143 (.142) | −.421:.136 | −.009 | −.159 (.133) | −.420:.103 | |
| DC | 28 (.2 %) | −.020** | −.969 (.359) | −1.673:−.264 | −.016* | −.762 (.337) | −1.424:−.101 | |
| DE | 91 (.6 %) | .009 | .244 (.205) | −.157:.646 | .011 | .298 (.192) | −.079:.675 | |
| FL | 333 (2.2 %) | −.028*** | −.395 (.118) | −.626:−.164 | −.029*** | −.423 (.111) | −.640:−.206 | |
| GA | 327 (2.1 %) | .039*** | .563 (.119) | .329:.796 | .024** | .341 (.112) | .122:.560 | |
| HI | 107 (.7 %) | .011 | .271 (.190) | −.102:.645 | .022** | .560 (.179) | .209:.910 | |
| IA | 204 (1.3 %) | −.005 | −.087 (.144) | −.369:.196 | −.003 | −.064 (.135) | −.329:.202 | |
| ID | 59 (.4 %) | −.012 | −.416 (.251) | −.908:.077 | −.006 | −.186 (.236) | −.648:.276 | |
| IL | 1037 (6.8 %) | .021* | .178 (.082) | .018:.339 | .024* | .196 (.077) | .046:.347 | |
| IN | 270 (1.8 %) | −.012 | −.190 (.128) | −.441:.061 | −.018* | −.293 (.120) | −.528:−.058 | |
| KS | 167 (1.1 %) | −.005 | −.091 (.157) | −.399:.217 | −.003 | −.057 (.147) | −.346:.232 | |
| KY | 302 (2.0 %) | .018* | .267 (.123) | .027:.508 | .012 | .181 (.115) | −.045:.407 | |
| LA | 145 (1.0 %) | .035*** | .764 (.166) | .437:1.090 | .023*** | .501 (.156) | .195:.807 | |
| MA | 661 (4.3 %) | .004 | .045 (.092) | −.136:.226 | .010 | .101 (.087) | −.069:.271 | |
| MD | 366 (2.4 %) | −.003 | −.038 (.113) | −.260:.185 | .004 | .058 (.106) | −.151:.266 | |
| ME | 49 (.3 %) | .001 | .049 (.274) | −.489:.586 | .003 | .112 (.257) | −.392:.617 | |
| MI | 546 (3.6 %) | .010 | .109 (.099) | −.084:.303 | .000 | −.003 (.093) | −.185:.179 | |
| MN | 257 (1.7 %) | −.021** | −.341 (.131) | −.597:−.084 | −.007 | −.115 (.123) | −.357:.126 | |
| MO | 287 (1.9 %) | −.029*** | −.452 (.125) | −.697:−.207 | −.019* | −.291 (.117) | −.521:−.061 | |
| MS | 204 (1.3 %) | .020** | .369 (.143) | .088:.650 | .009 | .157 (.135) | −.107:.421 | |
| MT | 57 (.4 %) | .015* | .527 (.255) | .027:1.027 | .016* | .547 (.239) | .078:1.016 | |
| NC | 264 (1.7 %) | .061*** | .982 (.129) | .729:1.234 | .047*** | .750 (.121) | .513:.988 | |
| NE | 89 (.6 %) | −.012 | −.339 (.208) | −.746:.069 | −.009 | −.238 (.195) | −.620:.144 | |
| NH | 162 (1.1 %) | −.004 | −.082 (.167) | −.409:.245 | −.003 | −.053 (.156) | −.360:.254 | |
| NJ | 871 (5.7 %) | −.043*** | −.393 (.085) | −.560:−.226 | −.037*** | −.336 (.080) | −.493:−.179 | |
| NM | 94 (.6 %) | .009 | .242 (.202) | −.154:.638 | −.002 | −.051 (.190) | −.423:.321 | |
| NV | 104 (.7 %) | .019* | .491 (.193) | .113:.870 | .014 | .345 (.181) | −.010:.700 | |
| OH | 131 (.9 %) | .024** | .547 (.174) | .206:.888 | .033*** | .752 (.163) | .432:1.072 | |
| OK | 190 (1.2 %) | .025*** | .481 (.149) | .188:.773 | .014 | .258 (.140) | −.017:.533 | |
| OR | 231 (1.5 %) | .018* | .303 (.137) | .035:.571 | .014 | .238 (.128) | −.014:.489 | |
| PA | 844 (5.5 %) | .028** | .255 (.086) | .086:.425 | .020* | .186 (.081) | .027:.345 | |
| RI | 5 (.0 %) | .006 | .639 (.842) | −1.011:2.288 | .004 | .494 (.790) | −1.054:2.042 | |
| SC | 136 (.9 %) | −.003 | −.065 (.171) | −.399:.270 | −.005 | −.110 (.160) | −.424:.204 | |
| SD | 28 (.2 %) | −.007 | −.361 (.360) | −1.066:.343 | −.012 | −.598 (.337) | −1.260:.063 | |
| TN | 419 (2.7 %) | −.010 | −.124 (.108) | −.336:.088 | −.012 | −.156 (.102) | −.355:.043 | |
| TX | 813 (5.3 %) | .057*** | .536 (.089) | .362:.710 | .023** | .214 (.084) | .050:.378 | |
| UT | 94 (.6 %) | .012 | .309 (.202) | −.087:.705 | .012 | .315 (.189) | −.057:.686 | |
| VA | 506 (3.3 %) | .017 | .194 (.101) | −.004:.392 | .017* | .199 (.095) | .013:.385 | |
| VT | 81 (.5 %) | −.010 | −.287 (.217) | −.712:.138 | −.006 | −.171 (.203) | −.569:.228 | |
| WA | 63 (.4 %) | −.001 | −.029 (.244) | −.507:.449 | .004 | .117 (.229) | −.332:.566 | |
| WI | 557 (3.7 %) | −.036*** | −.408 (.100) | −.603:−.212 | −.021* | −.240 (.094) | −.423:−.056 | |
| WV | 123 (.8 %) | .007 | .168 (.179) | −.183:.518 | .011 | .252 (.168) | −.077:.581 | |
| Intercept | 2.615 (.069) | 2.481:2.750 | 2.842 (.064) | 2.716:2.969 | ||||
| R2 | .202*** | .298*** | ||||||
| Change in R2 | .095*** | |||||||
IQR interquartile range 25–75 %
* P < .05; ** P < .01; *** P < .001
aMale is the reference group
bDoes not have hypertension or diabetes is the reference group
cHas no prior injury is the reference group
dServices is the reference group
eSprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscles is the reference group
fNY is the reference group