Table 2. Benchmark measures quantifying the goodness of fit in the UK.

Model	E × 10−12	D	S	C	corr	parameters
Gravity	0.494	0.456	0.448	0.456	0.543	α = 0.65, β = 0.65, γ = −1.46
Radiation	1.622	0.624	0.632	0.344	0.656
Hierarchy	0.464	0.233	0.437	0.231	0.768	q = 0.139
Hierarchy-Admin	0.679	0.503	0.527	0.458	0.540	q = 0.2 (imposed)

The Dice (D), Sorensen (S), Cosine (C) and deviance (E) are four different measures of the distance between the actual and modeled networks. The correlation corr measures a similarity between a model and the data. The parameters of the gravity and hierarchy models were chosen to minimize the value of E.